INDIA AND AFRICA ( Historical Background )

India and Africa countries both suffered heavily under the colonial subjugation. The British Imperialism held sway in India and Southern and Eastern Africa . During colonialism a large number of India workers were transported to the Eastern and Southern Africa countries as workforce for agicultural mining and plantation activities . The colonial India was allotted the role of supplying middle levdl sdrvibes ruch as Duka trading and junhor level tebhnibal and administrative service apart from providing indentured labour to other parts of Africa under the British colonial rule . The first wave of India’s interaction began with the arrival of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to South Africa in 1893 as a legal counsel . Gandhi saw that 1,50,000 of his countrymen were subjected to all sorts of discrimination and oppression in the white rule of South Africa . He fought racial discrimination and oppression of India people for 21 years from (1906-1913) and his passive resistance become universally recognised as a powerful weapon to fight injustice. Many leaders of Africa National movements including Nelson Mandela drew inspiration from Gandhian Satyagrah ,which placed India- Africa linkages into a bond of special relationship . The ANC (Africa National Congress) founded in 1912 , Nehru met ANS leaders during world conference on oppressed Nationalities held at Brussels he appreciated the struggle of Africa people for their liberation from colonialism.
The second wave of Indian engagement with Africa began after India independence and continued till the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1993 . During this period Indian foreign policy towards South Africa was broadly based on two pillars.
The first was extending every possible support to anti-colonial anti – apartheid struggles of Africa people . India was the first country to raise the issue of apartheid at the U.N . in 1947 . Indian Prime Minister Nehru strove for African- Asian Unity and liberation of African countries during Afro- Asian conference held at Bangdurg (lndonesia) in 1955 . India raised the issues of decolonisation and apartheid at every international forum. Among other things Iodian efforts led to the independence of many countries in 1960s which was declared as Decolonisation Decade by the U.N. Almost all the Africa countries were brought under the umbrella of NAM which provided a much needed forum to African countries to voice their concerns at internatinnal levdl. @s the cnlonhalirm in Nalibia and Ap`rthdid in South Africa endured for longer periods the NAM summit 1986 was held at Harare to focus on these issues .At the instance of India AFRICA (Action for Resisting Invasion Colonialism and Apartheid ) Fund was established to help frontline states in the struggle against apartheid . With the independence of Namibia in March 1990 and end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1993 one of the major goals of Indian Foreign Policy in Africa was fulfilled.
The second pillar of India ‘s foreign policy in Africa has been and continues to be to forge technology cooperation and economic partnership with focus on capacity building . The foundation of this policy was laid with the launching of Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme in 1964 . India had the advantage of providing technology that was affordable adaptable and easily accessible to Africa countries . The ITEC programme sought to extend bilateral assistance and cooperation to developing countries, particularly in Africa . It covered the following areas : (i) Extension of technical cooperation (ii) Establishment of mutually beneficial trade relations and (iii) Grant of capital and technical expertise to help build medium and small scale industries.
Indian is also the member of African Capacity Building Foundation and strives to contribute towards human resource development and capacity building in various sectors. Indian diaspora in various Africa Countries has contributed a lot and has earned goodwill for Indian . Basides , the contribution of Indian peace keeping forces through the UN in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa deserves special mention . So far Indian has provided nearly 50,000 peace keepers in 29 UN peace keeping operations .
However , since early 1990s Indian Foreign Policy shifted its focus towards other areas of the world which need a renewed thrust which is underway at present Although Indian’s engagement with Africa is quite low in comparison to China and othdr in qu`ntitative tdrms it has rcordd bdtter in terls of itr image and goodwill through its capacity building programmes.

ANTHROPOLOGY

PAPER-I
1.1 Meaning and scope of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationship with other disciplines : History , Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political 1.3Science , Life Science , Medical Science.
Main branches of Anthropology , their scope and relevance
(A) Social – cultural Anthropology
(B) Physical `nd biolngic`l Anthrnpolngy
(C) Archaeological Anthropology .
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man.
Organic Evolution- Theories of evolution in historical perspective , pre-Darwhnian, D`rwinian and Post-Darwinhan perind. Lodern sxnthdtic theory of evolution; brief outline of term and concept of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man-
‘Home erectus and Homo sapiens’.
1.5Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following:
(a) Prepleistocence fossil primates – Oreopithecus.
(b) South and East African hominids Plesianthropus / Australopithecus Africaus , Paranthropus , Australopithecs.
(c) Paranthropus-Homo erectus- Homo erectus javanicus , Homo erectus pekinensis .
(d) Homo Heidelbergensis.
(e) Neanderthal man- La- chapelle-aus-saints(Classical type),Mt. Carmelites types (Progressive type).
(f) Rhodesian man
(g) Homo sapiens-Cromognon, Grimaldi, Chancelede.
Recent advances in understanding the evolution , distribution and multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to others.
1.6 Evolutionary trend and classification of the order primates, Relationship with other mammals , molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion; terrestrial and arboreal adaptation , skeletal change due to erect posture and its implications.
1.7 Cultural Evolution – broad outlines of prehistoric cultures;
(a) Paleolithic
(b) Mesolithic
(c) Neolithic
(d) Chalcolithic
(e) Copper-Bronze age
(f) Iron age
2.1Family – Definition and typology of family household and domestic groups . Basic structure and functions; Stability and changes in family Typological and processual approaches to the study of family . Impact of urbanization , industrilization , education and ferminist movements.Universality of family a critiqud.
2.2 Concept of kinship-- Definition of jin, incdst prohhbithon exogamy and endogamy .Principles of decent – types and functions . Political and jural aspects of kinship . Unilineal , bilateral and double descent . Descent , filiation and colplelent`ry fili`tion. Khnshhp tdrminolofy , typnlogx and approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.
2.3 Marriage – Definition , type and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage – preferential, prescriptive , proscriptive and open systems. Type and form of marriage Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage stability.
3.1 Study of culture , patterns and processes. Concept of culture , patterns of culture , relationships between culture and civilization and society.
3.2 Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change :
3.3 Social structure and social organization ,
Role –analysis and social network, institution ,group community. Social stratification; principal and from , status , class and power , gender. Nature and type of mobility.
3.4 Concept of Society.
3.5 Approaches to the study of culture and society- classical evolution – ism neo- - evolutionism , culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism , structural- functionalism, culture and personality, transactionalism, symbolism, congnitive approach and new ethnography, post structuraism and post – modernism.
4.1 Definitions and functions of religion . Anthropological approaches to the study of religion – evolutionary , psychological and functional . Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and funbtions and ftncthonaries ; priest, s`man. medicine m`n and snrcerers . Symbolism in religion and rituals- Ethnomedicine .Myths and rituals; definitions and approaches to their study – structures .function and processual Relation with economics and political structures.
5.1 Meaning ,scope and relevance, principles governing production, distribution and consumption in communities subsisting on hunting- gathering fishing pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits .Fomalist and substantivist debate- Dalton, Karlpolyanny and Marx approach and New Economic Anthropology . Exchange; gifts, barter, trade ceremonial exchange and market economy.
5.2 Theoretical foundations. Type of political organisations- band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept of power , authority and legitimacy . Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
6.1 Concept of developmental Anthropological perspective . Models of development .Critiques of classical developmental theories . Concepts of planning and planned development .Concept of participatory development . Culture ecology and sustainable development . Displacement and rehabilitation.
7.1 Concept of research in anthropology, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology , methods and techniques. Nature and explantion in anthropological research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative methods; nature purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthropology. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview , participant and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire ,case-study methods, extended case-study methods , life histories and secondary sources, oral history, genealogical methods , participatory, learning and assessment (PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA).Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
8.1 Concept , scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of science and medicine.
8.2 Method for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedigree analysis , twin study , foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis ) biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
8.3 Twin study method – zygosify , heritablity estimates, present status of the twin study method and its applications.
8.4 Mendelian genetics in man – family study, single factor ,multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal , and polygenic inheritance in man.
8.5 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection , Mendelian population, Hardy- Weinberg law; causes and change which bring down frequlation , mutation, isolation , migration , selection, inbreddinf and genetib drhft. Conrangtinenus `nd non-bons`nguineous , genetic load , genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for study of human genetics).
8.6 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man , methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations- Klinefelter (XXY). Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease , genetic screening , genetic counselling , human DNA profiling , gene mapping and genome study.
8.7 Concept of race in histrological and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basic of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria , racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basic of racial classification, racial differentiation and race- crossing in man.
8.8 Ethnic groups of mankind- characteristics and distribution in world, racial classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characteristics.
8.9 Age , sex and population variation in genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics- Hp level , body fat pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio- economic groups. Impact of smoking air pollutions , alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
9.1 Concept and Methods of Ecological Anthropology, Adaptation social and cultural . Deterministic theories-a critique. Resources-biological, non-biological and sustainable development . Biological adaptation –climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.
10.1 Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal , urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments . Concept of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
11.1 Concept of human growth and development – stages of growth-prenatal , natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity , senescence.
Factors affecting growth and development- genetic, environmental , biochemical , nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations- biological and chronological longevity . Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
12.1 Reproductive biology , demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female . Biological aspects of human fertility . Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.
12.2 Demographic theories – biological, social and cultural.
12.3 Demographic methods – census , registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.
12.4 Population structures and population dynamics.
12.5 Demographic rates and ratios , life table- structure and utility.
12.6 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity , fertility natality and mortality .
12.7 Methods of studying population growth.
12.8 Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.
13.1 Anthropology of sports.
13.2 Nutritional Anthropology.
13.3 Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments.
13.4 Forensic Anthropology.
13.5 Methods and principles of personal identification andreconstruction.
13.6 Applied human genetics- paternity diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.
13.7 DNA technology – prevention and cure of diseases.
13.8 Anthropo-genetics in medicine
13.9 Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
13.10 Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.
PAPER –II
Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization- Per historic (Paleolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic ), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization), Vedic and post- Vedic beginnings. Contributions of the tribal cultures.
Demographic profile of India- Ethinic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population , factors influencing its structure and growth.
The basic structure and nature of traditional Indian social system-a critique , varnasharam, Purushartha , Karma, Rina and Rebirth. Theories on the origin of caste system, Jajmani system. Structural basic of inequality in traditional Indian society . Impact of Buddhim, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
Approaches to the study of Indian society and culture – traditional and contemporary.
5.1 Aspects of Indian village – Social organizations of agriculture, impact of market economy on Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities- social , political and economic status.
6. Tribal situation in India- biogenetic variability , Iinguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal communities – land alienation , poverty indebtedness, low literacy ,poor educational facilities , unemployment , underemployment , health and nutrition . Developmental projects –tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation;
Development of forest policy and tribals of unbanisation and industrialization on tribal and rural populations.
7. Problems ofexploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Social change and contemporary tribal societies; Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals for weaker sections. Emergence of ethnicity , tribal movements and quest for identity . Pseudo-tribalism.
8. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post- Independent India.
8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and other religious on tribal societies.
8.2 Tribe and nation state –a comparative study of tribal communities in Indian and other countries.
9. History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies , plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation . Role of N.G.Os.
9.1 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development .
9.2 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements.

ECONOMICS

PART-1 GENERAL ECONOMICS
1.Micro economics – (a) Production : Agents of Production; Costs and Supply; Isoquants.
(b) Consumption and Demand : Elasticity concept (c) Market structure and concepts of equilibrium; (d) Determination of prices ; (e) Components and Theories of Distribution (f) Elementary concepts of Welfare economics : Pareto-optimality- Private and social products consumers surplus.
2.Macro Economics- (a) National Incnme boncdpts ; (b) Ddterlinants nf N`tional Hncole Elploxment (c) Determinants of consumption, savings and investment (d) Rate of Interest and its determination (e) Interest and profit.
3.Money , Banking and Public Finance – (a) Concepts of Money and measures of money supply; Velocity of money (b) Banks and credit creation; Banks and portfolio management . (c) Central Bank and control over money supply (d) Determination of the price level (e) Inflation, its causes and remedies . (f) Public Finance – Budgets – Taxes and non-tax revenues – Types of Budget deficits.
4.International Economics- (a) Theories of International Trade comparative costs – Hecksher- Ohlin- Gains from Trade – Terms of Trade.
(b) Free Trade and Protection
(c) Balance of Payments accounts and Adjustment
(d) Exchange rate under free exchange markets.
(e) Evolution of the International Monetary System and World Trading order Gold Standard – the Brettonwoods system.
IMF and the World Bank and their associates.
Floating rates – GATT and WTO.
5.Growth and Development – (1) Meaning and measurement of growth ; Growth, distribution and Welfare; (2) Characteristics of under- development ; (3) Stages of Development ; (4) Sources of growth – capital , Human capital , population , productivity , Trade and aid , non – economic factors; growth Strategies, (5) Planning in a mixed economy – Indicative planning – Planning and growth.
6.Economic Statistics – Types of averages – measures of dispersion- correlation – Index numbers; types, uses and limitations.
PART – II INDIAN ECONOMICS
1. Main features; Geographic size – Endowment of natural resources, Population ; size , composition quality and growth trend – Occupational distribution – Effects of British Rule with reference to Drain theory and Laissez Faire policy.
2. Major problems , their dimensions , nature and broad causes; Mass poverty- Unemployment and its types – Economics effects of population pressure – Inequality and types thereof Low productivity and low per capita income ,Rural – urban disparities – Foreign Trade and p`yments hmbalancds. Balance nf P`yments `nd Dxternal Debt – Inflation, and parallel economy and its effects – Fiscal deficit.
3. Growth in income and employment since independence – Rate , Pattern, Sectoral trends – Distributional Changes- Regional disparities.
4. Economics Planning in India : Major controversies on planning in India – Alternative strategies- goals and achievements ,shortfalls of different plans- planning and the Market.
5. Broad Fiscal , monetary , industrial trade and agricultural policies – objectives , rationale , constraints and effects.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE

PAPER-I
1. Animal Nutrition--Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements of maintenance and production of milk ,meat eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
1.1 Trends in protein nutrition :Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis , protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
1.2 Minerals in animals diet : Sources, functions , requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
1.3 Vitamins , Hormones and Growth Stimulating ,substances : Sources, functions, requirements and inter – relationship with minerals.
1.4 Advances in Ruminant Nutrition – Dairy Cattle : Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition , Nutrient requirement for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
1.5 Advances in Non- Ruminant Nutrition – Poultry- Nutrients and their
metabolism with reference to poultry ,meat and egg production Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
1.6 Advances in Non – Ruminant Nutrition – Swine- Nutrhentr and thdir letabolirm whth rpechal referencd to growth and quality of meat production . Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
1.7 Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition – A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments , digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy. Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production . Balanced rations.
2.Animal Physiology :
2.1 Growth and Animal Production- Prenatal and postnatal growth , maturation , growth curves, measures of growth , factors affecting growth , conformation , body composition , meat quality.
2.2 Milk Production and Reproduction and Digdstinn- Burrdnt rtatts of hormon`l cnntrnl of malmarx development , milk secretion and milk ejection . Male and Female reproduction organ , their components and function . Digestive organs and their functions.
2.3 Environmental Physiology – Physiological relations and their regulation ; mechanisms of adaptation , environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour , methods of controlling climatic stress.
2.4 Semen Quality – Preservation and Artificial Insemination- Components of semen , composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affection semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep Freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats , swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
3.Livestock Production and Management. Livestock Production and Management
3.1 Commercial Dairy Farming – Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries . Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialized farming , economic dairy farming , Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement , organisation of dairy farm.
Procurement of goods; opportunities in dairy farming , factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording , budgeting , cost of milk production; pricing pnlicx; Pdrsonnel Man`gemdnt . Developing Prabtic`l and Economic ration for dairy cattle ; Supply of greens throughout the year, filed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and stock and adult stock; Feeding records.
3.2 Commercial meat. egg and wool production : Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management . Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
3.3 Feeding and management of anhmalr under droufht ,flond and other nattral calamities.
4. Genetics and Animal Breeding – Genetics and Animal Breeding-- Mitosis and Meiosis; Mendelian inheritance , deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination , sex influenced and sex limited characters ; Blood groups and polymorphism ; Chromosome aberrations; Gene and its structure ;DNA as a genetic material ; Genetic code and protein synthesis ; Recombinant DNA technology , Mutations , type of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate.
4.1 Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding-Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations ; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding ; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, system of inbreeding; Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value. dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation ; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction ; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
4.2 Breeding Systems---Breeding Systems- Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations , their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual , pedigree , family and with in family selection; Progeny testing : Methods of selection Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding , upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability ; Breeding for threshold character.
PAPER --II
1.Health and Hygiene
1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains – Chemical classification of stains used in biological work- principles of staining tissues-mordants – progressive & regressive stains – differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements – Methods of preparation and processing of tissues- celloidin embedding – Freezing microtomy-Microscopy – Bright field microscope and electron microsope. Cytology structure of cell , organells & inclusions; cell division – cell types . Tissues and their classification – embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs- vascular, nervous digestive , respiratory musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems- Endocrine glands- Integuments-sense organs.
1.2 Embryology-- Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis – fertilization –germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation – types of placenta in domestic mammals- Teratology- twinning – organogenesis- germ layer derivatives endo dermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
1.3 Bovine Anatomy – Regional Anatomy- paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronal nerve black-regional, anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerve, Cranial-structures involver in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph oodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative fdatures nf lncomntor app`ratts and their application in the chomebhanhcs nf m`mmalian bodx.
1.4 Anatomy of Fowls- Musbulo,skeletal skeletal system- functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying , digestion and egg production.
1.5 Physiology of blood and its circulation , respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
1.5.1. Blood constituents- Properties and functions –blood cell formation –Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry –plasma proteins production , classification and properties ; coagulation of blood ; Haemorrhagic disorders –anticoagulants –blood groups-Blood volume –plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood . Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis .
1.5.2. Circulation – Physiology of heart , cardiac cycle –heart sounds ,heart beat , electrocardiograms , Work `and efficiency of heart –effect of ions on heart function –metabolism of cardiac muscle ,nervous and chemical regulation of heart ,effect of temperature and stress on heart ,blood pressure and hypertension . Osmotic regulation arterial pulse ,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock .Coronary & pulmonary circulation –Blood Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid –circulation in birds .
1.5.3. Respiration – Mechanism of respiration ,Transport and exchange of gases –neural control of respiration – chemoreceptors-hypoxia –respiration in birds .
1.5.4. Excretion – Structure and function of kidney- formation of urine methods of studying renal function- renal regulation of acid- base balance; physiological constituents of urine – renal failure-passive venous congestion – Urinary recreation in chicken- Sweat glands and their function . Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
1.5.5 Endocrine glands- Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis Synthesis of hormones, mdchanism and control of recrdtion-hormon`l rdceptors, cl`ssification and function.
1.6. General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs- Celluar level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics- Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance, drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system – Modern cnncepts nf anaesthesha and dhssobiathve `naerthetics, Autocohds – Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics – chemotherapy of parasitic infections- Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases .
1.7. Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water , air and habitation- Assessment of pollution of water , air and soil-importance of climate in animals health – effect of environement on animal function and performance – relationship for specific categories of domestic animals viz . pregnant cows & sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress, strain & productivity in relation to animals habitation.
2. Animal Diseases :
2.1. Pathogenesis, symptoms , postmortem lesions, diagnosis and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry , horses, sheep and goats.
2.2. Etiology , symptoms , diagnosis , treatment of production diseases of cattle pig and poultry.
2.3. Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
2.4. Diagnosis and treatment of non- specific condition like impaction , Bloat , Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning .
2.5. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
2.6. Principal and methods of immunization of animals against specific diseases – hard immunity – disease free zone – zero disease concept chemo- prophylaxis.
2.7. Anaesthesia-local , regional and general- preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement- Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy-Castrations.
2.8. Disease investigation techniques- Materials fnr l`bor`torx investhgathon – Establhshmdnt @nim`l Hdalth Centres-Disease free Zone.
3. Veterinary Public Health :
3.1 Zoonoses – Classification , definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases- occupational zoonotic diseases.
3.2 Epidemiology- Principle , definition nf epidermiologibal termr , `pplhcathon nf epidermiologibal leasures in the study of diseases and disease control , Epidermiological features of air , water and food borne infections.
3.3 Veterinary jurisprudence- Rule and Regulation for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases- state and control . Rule for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S.P.C.A.- Veterolegal cases- certificates- Materials and Methods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation.
4. Milk and Milk products Technology :
4.1 Milk Technology- Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk .
Quality, testing and grading raw milk , Quality storage grades of whole milk , Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing , packaging ,storing ,distributing , marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized , standardized , toned ,double toned, sterilized , homogenized , reconstituted , recombined and flavoured milk , Preparation of cultured milk, cultures and their management , youghurt , Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand, Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
4.2 Milk Products Technology – Selection of raw materials , assembling, production , processing ,storing , distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter , Ghee , Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condenses, evaporated , dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products , butter milk, lactose and casein . Testing , Grading , judging milk products- BIS and Agmark specifications , legal standards ,quality control nutritive properties. Packaging ,processing and opdrathonal control Corts.
5. Meat Hygiene and Technology :
5.1 Meat Hygiene :
5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning , slaughter and dressing operations ; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgement of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts- dutier and functinns nf Vdterhnarhans in Vhnldsomd me`t produbtion.
5.1.2 Hygidnic methods of handling producthon nf mdat-rpoilage of leat and control measures – post slaughter physicochemical change in meat and factors that influence them- Quality improvement methods- Adulteration of meat and defection – Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
5.2. Meat Technology :
5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of meat-meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat –curing , canning , irradiation , packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations .
5.3 Byproducts- Slaughter house by products and their utilization- Edible and inedible byproducts- social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter house byproducts- Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection , preservation meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure , composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
5.5. Rabbit/Fur Animal farming- Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
6.Extension – Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principle of extension . Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.