GEOGRAPHY

PAPER-I >>PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
SECTION-A >>PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
(i) Geomorphology- Factors controlling landform development; endo-genetic and exogenetic forces; origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; physical conditions of the earth’s interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy; sea floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity; earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with fluvial, arid , glacial, coastal and karst cycle; ground- water; Applied Geomorphology.
(ii)Climatology- Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds; monsoons and jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones ; types and distribution of precipitation; Koppen’s and Thornth-waite’s classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.
(iii)Oceanography- Bottom topography of the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; ocean currents and tides; marine resources- biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs; sea-level changes.
(iv) Biogeography- Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals ; problems of deforestation and conservation measures ; social forestry , agro-forestry.
(v) Environmental Geography- Human ecological adaptations; transformation of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservation ; ecosystems and their management : global ecological imbalances problems of pollution, global warming , reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests.
SECTION-B
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
(i) Perspectives in Human Geography- A real differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and location and locational analysis ; radical behavioural , human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of the world; human and welfare approaches; Cultural regions of the world; human development indicators.
(ii) Economic Geography- World economic development measurement and problems; world resources and their distribution ; energy crisis; the limits to growth ; world agriculture- typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; food and nutrition problems; famine- causes, effects and remedies; world industries- location patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
(iii)Population and Settlement Geography- Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; causes and consequencies of migration; concepts of over- under – and optimum population; world population problems.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept of primate city and rank-size rule; functional classification of towns; sphere of urban influence; rural- urban fringe; satellite town; problems of urbanization.
(iv)Regional Planning- Concept of a region; types of regions and methods of regionalisation; growth centers and growth poles; regional imbalances; environmental issues planning ; planning for sustainable development.
(v) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography- System analysis in Human Geography; Malthusian, Marxian and Demographic Transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Rostov’s model of stages of growth . Heartland and Rimaland theories; laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
Note- Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
PAPER-II
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
SECTION-A
(i) Physical Setting- Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries; structure and relief ; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of India monosoons; tropical cyclones and western disturbances; floods and droughts ; climatic regions; natural vegetacrisis.
(ii)Resources- Land , surface and ground-water , energy, minerals , and biotic resources, their distribution utilization and conservation ; energy crisis.
(iii)Agriculture- Infrastructure – irrigation, seeds , fertilizers, power; institutional factors- land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity , crop combination, land capability; agro- and social forestry; green revolution and its socio- economic and ecological implications; significance of dry farming; livestock resources and white revolution; blue revolution ; agricultural regionalisation; agro- climatic zones.
(iv)Industry- Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton, jute, iron and steel , fertilizer , paper, drugs and pharmaceutical , automobile and cottage industries ; industrial complexes and industrial regionalisation ; new industrial policy; multinationals and liberalization.
(v) Transport , Communication and Trade- Road , railway, waterway, airway and pipeline network and their complementary roles in regional development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance; free trade and export promotion zones; developments in communication technology and its impact on economy and society.
Section-B
(i)Cultural Setting- Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems ; role of language , religion and tradition in the formation of cultural regions; growth , distribution and density of population; demographic attributes- sex –ratio, age structure , literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra-regional and international) and associated problems, population problems and policies.
(ii) Settlements- Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; urban development ; census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian cities; functional classification of India cities; conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problems of urbanization.
(iii) Regional Development and Planning- Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes; panchayati raj and decentralized planning; command area development; watershed management; planning for backward area, desert drought-prone, hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning; geography and regional planning.
(iv) Political Aspects- Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganization; regional consciousness and national integration; international boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources; India and geopolitics of the India Ocean.
(v) Contemporary Issues- Environmental hazards- landslides, earthquakes, floods and droughts, epidemics; issues related to environmental pollution, changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management ; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation ; problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and development. Note- Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PAPER-I
Electrical Circuits-Theory and Applications- Circuit components; network graphs; KCL, KVL; circuit analysis methods –nodal analysis ,mesh analysis; basic network theorems and applications ; transient analysis – RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant circuits and applications; coupled circuits and applications; balanced 3- phase circuits Two-port network, driving point and transfer functions; poles and zeros of network functions. Elements of network synthesis . Filter – theory- design and application . Active filters. Circuit simulation- Input formats; methods of education formulation; solution of equations; output formats; SPICE.
Signals and Systems- Representation of continuous – time and discrete-time signals & systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response , time domain analysis of LTI system based on convolution and differential/ difference equations. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function. Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT Processing of analog signals through discrete- time systems.
E.M. Theory- Maxwell’s equations, wave propagation in bounded media. Boundary conditions reflection and refraction of plane waves. Transmission line- Distributed parameter circuits , traveling and standing waves, impedance matching . Smith chart. Wave guides- parallel plane guide, TE , TM and TEM wave , rectangular and cylindrical wave guides , resonators. Planar transmission lines; stripline, microstripline.
Analog Electronics- Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small- signal) of Diode, BJT, JEET and MOSFET . Diode circuits- clipping , clamping, rectifier, Biasing and bias stability. FET amplifiers .Current mirror; Amplifiers – single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power , Analysis of amplifiers; frequency- response of amplifiers. OPAMP circuits. Filters; sinusoidal oscillators- criterion for oscillation; single transistor and OPAMP configurations, Function generators and wave- shaping circuits. Power supplies.
Digital Electronics- Boolean algebra; minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits – arithmetic circuits , code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits- latches and flops, counters and shift- registers. Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits , ADCs and DACs Semiconductor memories .Logic implementation using programmable devices (ROM, PLA, FPGA).
Energy Conversion- Principles of electromechanical energy conversion- Torque and emf in rotating machines. DC machines- characteristics and performance analysis ; starting and speed control of motors.
Transformers- Principles of operation and analysis ; regulation efficiency; 3-phase transformers. 3-phase induction machines and synchronous machines- characteristics and performance analysis; speed control .Special machines- Stepper motors, Brushless dc motors, permanent magnet motors single- phase motors; FHP.
Power Electronics and Electric Drives- Semiconductor power devices- diode, transistor , thyristor, triac ,GTO and MOSFET- static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits ; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters- fully – controlled and half- controlled; principles of thyristor choppers and inverters; basic concepts of speed control of dc and ac motor drives applications of variable- speed drives.
Analog Communication- Random variables- continuous, discrete; probability, probability . Statististical averages; probability models; Random signals and noise; signal to noise ratio. Linear CW modulation- Amplitude modulation – DSB, DSB- SC and SSB. Modulators and Demodulators; Phase and Frequency modulation- PM & Fm signals; narrowband modulation system- Superhetrodyne receivers, AM receivers, communication ratio calculation for AM and FM receivers.
Microwaves and Antenna- Electromagnetic radiation, Propagation of waves- ground waves , sky wave, space wave, tropospheric scatter propagation. Extraterrestrial communications. Antenna- Various types, gain, resistance , band – width , beamwidth and polarization, effect of ground. Antenna coupling; high frequency antennas; microwave antennas; special purpose antennas . Microwave Services – Klystron , magnetron , TWT, gun diodes, Impatt , Bipolar and FETs, Microwave intergrated circuits . Microwave measurements.
PAPER-II
Control Systems- Elements of control systems; block – diagram representation; open- loop & closed- loop systems; principles and applications of feed- back . LTI systems – time domain and transform- domain analysis . Stability- Routh Hurwitz criterion, root-loct, Nyquist’s criterion, Bode-plots, Design of lead-lad compensators. Proportional, PL, PID controllers. State- variable representation and analysis of control systems. Principles of discrete- control systems.
Electrical Engineering Materials- Electrical / electronic behaviour of materials – conductivity; free –electrons and band-theory; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, p-n junction; solar cells , super- conductivity. Dielectric behaviour of materials; polarization phenomena; piezo- electric phenomena. Magnetic materials – behaviour and application, Photonic materials – refractive index, absorption and emission of light , optical fibres, lasers and opto- electronic materials.
Microprocessors and microcomputers- 8-bit microprocessor- architecture, CPU, module design, memory interfacing , I/O, Peripheral controllers, Multiprocessing . IBM PC architecture – overview , introduction to DOS , Advanced microprocessors.
Measurement and Instrumentation- Error analysis ; measurement of current voltage, power , energy, power-factor, resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency; bridge measurements . Electronic measuring instruments- multimeter, CRO, digital voltmeter , frequency counter, Q-meter, spectrum- analyzer , distortion-meter. Transducers- thermocouple, thermistor , LVDT, strain- gauge, piezo- electric crystal. Use of transducers in measurements of non-electrical quantities. Data- acquisition systems.
IC Technology – Overview of IC Technology, Unit-step used in IC fabrication- water cleaning , photo- lithography, wet and dry etching , oxidation, diffusion , ion-implantation, CVD and LPCVD techniques for deposition of Poly- silicon, silicon, silicon-nitride and silicon di –oxide ; metallisation and passivation.
Power System – Analysis and Control- Steady- state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables; principles of active and reactive power transfer and distribution ; per unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices ; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components, analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. Concept of system stability – swing curves and equal area criterion. Static VAR system. Basic concepts to energy control centers; various states of a power system; SCADA systems and RTUs Active power control- Speed control of generators, tie- line control, frequency control . Economic dispatch.
Power system protection- Principles of overcurrent , differential and distance protection. Concept of solid state relays. Circuit brakers. Computer aided protection- Introduction; line bus , generator, transformer protection; numeric relays and application of DSP to protection.
Non- conventional Energy Sources and Energy Management- Introduction to the energy problem; difficulties with conventional energy sources. Wind – Energy- Basics of Wind turbine aerodynamics; wind energy conversion systems and their integration into electrical grid. Solar – Energy- Thermal conversion; photovoltaic conversion. Wave- energy. Importance of Energy Management – Energy audit; energy economics – discount rate , payback period, internal rate of return, life cycle costing.
Digital communication- Pulse code modulation (PCM) , differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM) , Digital modulation and demodulation schemes- amplitude, phase and frequency keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK). Error control coding – error detection and correction, linear block codes, convolution codes. Information measure and source coding . Data network , 7 – layer architecture.
Satellite Communication , Radar and TV- Satellite Communication – General overview and technical characteristics , earth station equipment , satellite link design , CNR of Satellite system, Radar- Basic principles , Pulsed systems- CW Doppler radar, FMCW radar, Phase array radars. Television systems- Television systems and standards , Black- and White- and Colour- TV transmission and receiver systems.
Fibre Optic System- Multiplexing – Time division multiplexing, Frequency Division multiplexing . Optical properties of materials- Refractive index absorption and emission of light , optical fibres, lasers and optoelectronic materials Fibre optic links.

ECONOMICS

PAPER- I

1. Ricardian, Marshallian and Walrasain approaches to price determination. Type of Markets and price determination. Criteria or Welfare improvement . Alternate theories of distribution.
2.Functions of money- Measurement of price level changes- Money and real balances, Monetary standards- High powered money and the Quantity theosy of money, its variants and critiques therof – Demand for and supply of money- The money multiplier . Theories of determination of interest rate – Interest and prices – Theories of inflation and control of inflathon.
3.Full employment and Says ’Law under – elployment equilibrium- Keynes’ Theory of employment (and income) determination – Critiques of Keynesian Theory.
4.The modern monetary system – Banks, non – bank financial intermediaries, Discount House , and Central Bank. Structure of Money and financial markets and control . Money market instruments , bills and bonds. Real and nominal interest rates. Goals and instruments of monetary management in closed and open economics . Relation between the Central Bank and the Treasury . Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.
5.Public finance and its role in market economy in stabilization, supply stability , allocative efficiency, distribution and development . Sources of revenue- Forms of Taxes and subsidies, their incidence and effects; Limits to taxation , loans , crowding – out effects , and limits to borrowing . Types of budget deficits – Public expenditure and its effects.
International Economics-
(i) Old and New theories of International Trade.
(a) Comparative adv`ntafd , Terlr of and offdr btrvd.
(b( Prndubt cxble `nd Rtr`tegic trade theories.
(c) “ Trade as an engine of growth” and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy.
(ii) Balance of Payments Adjustments Alternative Approaches.
(a) price versus income , income adjustments under fixed exchange rates.
(b) Theories of policy mix.
(c) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility.
(d) Floating Rates and their implications for developing countries; Currency Boards.
(iv) (a) IMF and the World Bank.
(b) W.T.O.
(c) Trade Blocks and monetary unions.
Growth and development-
Theories of growth- Classical and neoclassical theories; The Harrod model; economic development under surplus Labour; wage – goods as a constraint on growth; relative importance of physical and human capitals in growth ; innovations and development; Productivity, its growth and source of changes therofo . Factors determining savings to income ratio and the capital- out put ratio.
(ii) Main features of growth – Changes in Sectoral compositions of income; Changes in occupational ; changes in income distribution; Changes in consumption levels and patterns; changes in saving and investment and in pattern of investment . Case for and against industrialization . Significance of agriculture in developing countries.
(iii) Relation between state , planning and growth , Changing roles of market and plans in grnwth economic policy and growth .
(iv) Rnle nf foreign capital and technology in growth . The significance of multi – nationals.
(v) Welfare indicators and measures of growth- Human development indices- The basic needs approach.
(vi) Concept of sustainable development , convergence of levels of living of developed and developing countries ; meaning of self-reliance in growth and development.
PAPER-II
I.Evolution of the Indian Economy till independence . The Colonial Heritage- Land & System & Agriculture , Taxes, Money and credit, Trade, Exchange Rate , the “Drain of Wealth controversy” of late 19th Century. Randade’s critique of Laissez- Faire; Swadeshi movement ; Gandhi and Hind Swaraj.
II.Indian Economics in Post – Independent Era- Contributions of Vakil, Gadgil and Rao. National and percapita Income; Patterns , Trends, Aggrigate and sectoral – composition and change therein , Broad factors determining National Income and its distribution; Measures of poverty. Trends in below poverty- line proportion.
III.Employment- Factors determining employment in short and long periods . Role of capital , wage-good, wage- rate and technology. Measures of unemployment . Relation between income, poverty and employment and issues of distribution and social justice.
(IV)Agriculture- Institutional set-up of land system size of agriculture holdings and efficiency- Green Revolution and technological changes-Agricultural prices and terms of trade-Role of public distribution and farim-subsidies on agricultural prices and production. Employment and poverty in agriculture- Rural wages-employment schemes-growth experience-land reforms. Regional disparities in agricultural growuh . Role of Agriculture in export.
(V)Industry- Industrial system of India – Trends in Composition and growth . Role of Public and private sectors. Role of small and cottage industries . Indian Industrial Strategy- Capital versus consumer goods. wage- good versus luxuries ,capital- intensive versus labour- intensive techniques , import –substituting versus dyport promotion. Sibkners and hhgh-bost Indtstrhal polibies and their effects. Recent moves for liberalization and their effects on Indian industry.
(VI) Money and banking- The monetary institutions of India- Factors determining demand for and supply of money. Sources of Reserve money- money multiplier- Techniques of money supply regulation under open economy. Functioning of money market in India. Budget deficit and money supply. Issues in Reform of Monetary and Banking Systems.
(VII) Index number of price levels- Course of Price level in post-Independence period –sources and causes of inflation-role of monetary and supply factors in price level determination – policies towards control of inflatinn . Effdcts of Hnfl`tion under npen economy.
(VIII) Trade , balance of payments and exchange- Foreign trade of India; composition and direction shifts in trade policy from import substitution to export promotion . Impact of liberalization on pattern of trade . Indian’s external Borrowings-the Debt problem. Exchange rate of the rupee; Devaluation’s depreciations and their effects on balance of payments – Gold import and Gold policy – convertibility on current and capital accounts-rupee in an open economy. Integration of India economy. Integration of Indian economy with world economy- India and the WTO.
(IX). Public Finance and Fiscal Policy- Characteristics of and trends in India’s Public Finance – Role of Taxes. (direct and indirect ) and subsidies- Fiscal and monetary deficits-public expenditures and their significance- Public Finance and Inflation-Limiting Government’s debt – Recent fiscal policies and their effects.

(IIX). Economic Planning in India- Trends in Savings and investment- Trends is Savings to Income and capital – output ratios- Productivity , its sources, growth and trends- growth versus distribution- Transition from Central Planning to indicative planning – relation between Market and Plan-strategies for Growth, social justice and Plans. Planning and increasing the growth rate.

COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY

PAPER-I
ACCOUNTING & FINANCE
Part- I Accounting , Taxation & Auditing
Financial Accounting- Accounting as a financial information system; Impact of behavioural sciences.
Accounting Standards e.g , accounting for depreciation, inventories, gratuity, research and development costs , long term construction contracts , revenue recognition , fixed assets, contingencies, foreign exchange transactions, investments and governmdnt frants.
Advanced problems of company accounts. Amalgamation absorption and reconstruction of companies.
Valuation of shares and goodwill.
Cost Accounting- Nature and functions of cost accounting.
Job Costing
Process Costing
Marginal Costing; Techniques of segregating semi-variable costs into fixed and variable costs.
Cost volume-profit relationship ; aid to decision making including pricing decision , shutdown etc. Techniques of cost control and cost reduction.
Budgetary control, flexible budgets.
Standard costing and variance analysis.
Responsibility accounting , investment , profit and Cost cenres.
Taxation
Definitions
Basis of charge.
Incomes which do not form part of total income.
Simple problem of computation of income under various heads, i.e. , salaries ,income from house property, profit and gains from business or profession , capital gains, income of other persons included in assessee’s total income.
Aggregation of income and set off/carry forward of loss.
Deductions to be made in computing total inbnme.
Auditing
Audit of cash transactions, expenses,incomes,purchases,sales
Valuation and verification of assets with special reference to fixed assets, stock and debts.
Verification of liabilities.
Audit of limited companies; appointment, removal, powers, duties and liabilities of company auditor, significance of ‘true and fare’ MAOCARO report.
Auditor’s report and qualifications therein . Special points in the audit of different organizations like club , hospital , colleges, charitable societies.
PART- II : BUSINESS FINANCE AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Finance Function- Nature, scope and Objectives of Financial Management – Risk and Return relationship.
Financial Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool.
Management of Working Capital and its Components- Forecasting working capital needs, inventory , debtors, cash and credit management.
Investment Decisions- Nature and Scope of Capital Budgeting- Various types of decisions Make or Buy and Lease of Buy-Techniques of Appraisal and their application.
Consideration of Risk and Uncertainty- Analysis of Non,financial Aspects.
Rate of Return on Investment- Required Rate of Return-its measurement- Cost of Capital Weighted Average Cost- Different Weights.
Concepts of Valuation – Valuation of firm’s Fixed Income Securities and Common Stocks.
Dividend and Retention Policy- Residual.
Theory or Dividend Policy- Other Models- Actual Practices.
Capital Structure- Leverages- Significance of Leverages- Theories of Capital Structure with special reference to Modigliani and Miller approach. Planning the Capital Structure of a Company; EBIT- EPS Analysis , Cash-flow ability to service debt , Capital Structure Ratios, other methods.
Raising finance-short term and long term. Bank finance-norms and conditions.
Financial Distress- Approaching BIFR under Sick Industrial Under- takings Act : Concept of Sickness, Potential Sickness, Cash Loss , Erosion of Networth.
Money Markets- the purpose of Money Markets, Money Market in India – Organization and working of Capital markets in India- Organizathon, Structure and Role of Financial Institutions in Indha. Banks and Investing Institutions- National and International Financial Institutions-their norms and type of financial assistance provided – inter-bank lending –its regulation, supervision and control . System of Consortium- Supervision and regulation of banks.
Monetary and Credit policy of Reserve Bank of India.
PAPER- II
ORGANISATION THEORY AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
PART-I : ORGANISATION THEORY
Nature and concept of Organization – organization goals; Primary and secondary goals, Single and multiple goals, ends means chain- Displacement , succession , expansion and multiplication of goals –Formal organization; Type , Structure- Line and Staff, functional matrix, and project- Informal organization – functions and limitations.
Evolution of organization theory- Classical ,Neo- classical and system approach – Bureaucracy; Nature and basic of power ,sources of power , power structure and politics- Organization behaviour as a dynamic system : technical , social and power systems- interrelations and interactions- Perception- Status system. Theoretical and empirical foundation of theories and Models of motivation . Morale and productivity- Leadership : Theories and styles – Managements of conflicts in organization – Transactional Analysis – Significance of culture of organization . Limits of rationality- Organizational change , adaptation, growth and development, Professional management Vs. family management , Organizational control and effectiveness.
PART- II INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Nature and scope of industrial relations ,the socio- economic set-up , need for positive approach.
Industrial labour in India and its commitment –stages of commitments . Migratory nature –merits and shortcomings.
Theories of Unionism.
Trade Union movement in India- origin, growth and structure ; Attitude and approach of management of India- recognition . Problems before Indian Trade Union movement . Industrial disputes- sources; strikes and lockouts .
Compulsory adjudication and collecthve barf`inhng- `pprnachds.
Worker’s participation in management – philosophy , rationale; present day state of affairs and future prospects.
Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in India.
Industrial relations in public Enterprises.
Absenteeism and labour turnover in India Industries- causes.
Relative wages and wage differentials ; wage policy.
Wage policy in India; the Bonus issue.
I.L.O. and India;
Role of Personnel Department in the Organisation.