ECONOMICS

PART-1 GENERAL ECONOMICS
1.Micro economics – (a) Production : Agents of Production; Costs and Supply; Isoquants.
(b) Consumption and Demand : Elasticity concept (c) Market structure and concepts of equilibrium; (d) Determination of prices ; (e) Components and Theories of Distribution (f) Elementary concepts of Welfare economics : Pareto-optimality- Private and social products consumers surplus.
2.Macro Economics- (a) National Incnme boncdpts ; (b) Ddterlinants nf N`tional Hncole Elploxment (c) Determinants of consumption, savings and investment (d) Rate of Interest and its determination (e) Interest and profit.
3.Money , Banking and Public Finance – (a) Concepts of Money and measures of money supply; Velocity of money (b) Banks and credit creation; Banks and portfolio management . (c) Central Bank and control over money supply (d) Determination of the price level (e) Inflation, its causes and remedies . (f) Public Finance – Budgets – Taxes and non-tax revenues – Types of Budget deficits.
4.International Economics- (a) Theories of International Trade comparative costs – Hecksher- Ohlin- Gains from Trade – Terms of Trade.
(b) Free Trade and Protection
(c) Balance of Payments accounts and Adjustment
(d) Exchange rate under free exchange markets.
(e) Evolution of the International Monetary System and World Trading order Gold Standard – the Brettonwoods system.
IMF and the World Bank and their associates.
Floating rates – GATT and WTO.
5.Growth and Development – (1) Meaning and measurement of growth ; Growth, distribution and Welfare; (2) Characteristics of under- development ; (3) Stages of Development ; (4) Sources of growth – capital , Human capital , population , productivity , Trade and aid , non – economic factors; growth Strategies, (5) Planning in a mixed economy – Indicative planning – Planning and growth.
6.Economic Statistics – Types of averages – measures of dispersion- correlation – Index numbers; types, uses and limitations.
PART – II INDIAN ECONOMICS
1. Main features; Geographic size – Endowment of natural resources, Population ; size , composition quality and growth trend – Occupational distribution – Effects of British Rule with reference to Drain theory and Laissez Faire policy.
2. Major problems , their dimensions , nature and broad causes; Mass poverty- Unemployment and its types – Economics effects of population pressure – Inequality and types thereof Low productivity and low per capita income ,Rural – urban disparities – Foreign Trade and p`yments hmbalancds. Balance nf P`yments `nd Dxternal Debt – Inflation, and parallel economy and its effects – Fiscal deficit.
3. Growth in income and employment since independence – Rate , Pattern, Sectoral trends – Distributional Changes- Regional disparities.
4. Economics Planning in India : Major controversies on planning in India – Alternative strategies- goals and achievements ,shortfalls of different plans- planning and the Market.
5. Broad Fiscal , monetary , industrial trade and agricultural policies – objectives , rationale , constraints and effects.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE

PAPER-I
1. Animal Nutrition--Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements of maintenance and production of milk ,meat eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
1.1 Trends in protein nutrition :Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis , protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
1.2 Minerals in animals diet : Sources, functions , requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
1.3 Vitamins , Hormones and Growth Stimulating ,substances : Sources, functions, requirements and inter – relationship with minerals.
1.4 Advances in Ruminant Nutrition – Dairy Cattle : Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition , Nutrient requirement for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
1.5 Advances in Non- Ruminant Nutrition – Poultry- Nutrients and their
metabolism with reference to poultry ,meat and egg production Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
1.6 Advances in Non – Ruminant Nutrition – Swine- Nutrhentr and thdir letabolirm whth rpechal referencd to growth and quality of meat production . Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
1.7 Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition – A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments , digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy. Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production . Balanced rations.
2.Animal Physiology :
2.1 Growth and Animal Production- Prenatal and postnatal growth , maturation , growth curves, measures of growth , factors affecting growth , conformation , body composition , meat quality.
2.2 Milk Production and Reproduction and Digdstinn- Burrdnt rtatts of hormon`l cnntrnl of malmarx development , milk secretion and milk ejection . Male and Female reproduction organ , their components and function . Digestive organs and their functions.
2.3 Environmental Physiology – Physiological relations and their regulation ; mechanisms of adaptation , environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour , methods of controlling climatic stress.
2.4 Semen Quality – Preservation and Artificial Insemination- Components of semen , composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affection semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep Freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats , swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
3.Livestock Production and Management. Livestock Production and Management
3.1 Commercial Dairy Farming – Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries . Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialized farming , economic dairy farming , Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement , organisation of dairy farm.
Procurement of goods; opportunities in dairy farming , factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording , budgeting , cost of milk production; pricing pnlicx; Pdrsonnel Man`gemdnt . Developing Prabtic`l and Economic ration for dairy cattle ; Supply of greens throughout the year, filed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and stock and adult stock; Feeding records.
3.2 Commercial meat. egg and wool production : Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management . Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
3.3 Feeding and management of anhmalr under droufht ,flond and other nattral calamities.
4. Genetics and Animal Breeding – Genetics and Animal Breeding-- Mitosis and Meiosis; Mendelian inheritance , deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination , sex influenced and sex limited characters ; Blood groups and polymorphism ; Chromosome aberrations; Gene and its structure ;DNA as a genetic material ; Genetic code and protein synthesis ; Recombinant DNA technology , Mutations , type of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate.
4.1 Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding-Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations ; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding ; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, system of inbreeding; Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value. dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation ; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction ; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
4.2 Breeding Systems---Breeding Systems- Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations , their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual , pedigree , family and with in family selection; Progeny testing : Methods of selection Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding , upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability ; Breeding for threshold character.
PAPER --II
1.Health and Hygiene
1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains – Chemical classification of stains used in biological work- principles of staining tissues-mordants – progressive & regressive stains – differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements – Methods of preparation and processing of tissues- celloidin embedding – Freezing microtomy-Microscopy – Bright field microscope and electron microsope. Cytology structure of cell , organells & inclusions; cell division – cell types . Tissues and their classification – embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs- vascular, nervous digestive , respiratory musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems- Endocrine glands- Integuments-sense organs.
1.2 Embryology-- Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis – fertilization –germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation – types of placenta in domestic mammals- Teratology- twinning – organogenesis- germ layer derivatives endo dermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
1.3 Bovine Anatomy – Regional Anatomy- paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronal nerve black-regional, anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerve, Cranial-structures involver in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph oodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative fdatures nf lncomntor app`ratts and their application in the chomebhanhcs nf m`mmalian bodx.
1.4 Anatomy of Fowls- Musbulo,skeletal skeletal system- functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying , digestion and egg production.
1.5 Physiology of blood and its circulation , respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
1.5.1. Blood constituents- Properties and functions –blood cell formation –Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry –plasma proteins production , classification and properties ; coagulation of blood ; Haemorrhagic disorders –anticoagulants –blood groups-Blood volume –plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood . Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis .
1.5.2. Circulation – Physiology of heart , cardiac cycle –heart sounds ,heart beat , electrocardiograms , Work `and efficiency of heart –effect of ions on heart function –metabolism of cardiac muscle ,nervous and chemical regulation of heart ,effect of temperature and stress on heart ,blood pressure and hypertension . Osmotic regulation arterial pulse ,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock .Coronary & pulmonary circulation –Blood Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid –circulation in birds .
1.5.3. Respiration – Mechanism of respiration ,Transport and exchange of gases –neural control of respiration – chemoreceptors-hypoxia –respiration in birds .
1.5.4. Excretion – Structure and function of kidney- formation of urine methods of studying renal function- renal regulation of acid- base balance; physiological constituents of urine – renal failure-passive venous congestion – Urinary recreation in chicken- Sweat glands and their function . Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
1.5.5 Endocrine glands- Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis Synthesis of hormones, mdchanism and control of recrdtion-hormon`l rdceptors, cl`ssification and function.
1.6. General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs- Celluar level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics- Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance, drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system – Modern cnncepts nf anaesthesha and dhssobiathve `naerthetics, Autocohds – Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics – chemotherapy of parasitic infections- Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases .
1.7. Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water , air and habitation- Assessment of pollution of water , air and soil-importance of climate in animals health – effect of environement on animal function and performance – relationship for specific categories of domestic animals viz . pregnant cows & sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress, strain & productivity in relation to animals habitation.
2. Animal Diseases :
2.1. Pathogenesis, symptoms , postmortem lesions, diagnosis and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry , horses, sheep and goats.
2.2. Etiology , symptoms , diagnosis , treatment of production diseases of cattle pig and poultry.
2.3. Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
2.4. Diagnosis and treatment of non- specific condition like impaction , Bloat , Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning .
2.5. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
2.6. Principal and methods of immunization of animals against specific diseases – hard immunity – disease free zone – zero disease concept chemo- prophylaxis.
2.7. Anaesthesia-local , regional and general- preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement- Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy-Castrations.
2.8. Disease investigation techniques- Materials fnr l`bor`torx investhgathon – Establhshmdnt @nim`l Hdalth Centres-Disease free Zone.
3. Veterinary Public Health :
3.1 Zoonoses – Classification , definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases- occupational zoonotic diseases.
3.2 Epidemiology- Principle , definition nf epidermiologibal termr , `pplhcathon nf epidermiologibal leasures in the study of diseases and disease control , Epidermiological features of air , water and food borne infections.
3.3 Veterinary jurisprudence- Rule and Regulation for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases- state and control . Rule for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S.P.C.A.- Veterolegal cases- certificates- Materials and Methods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation.
4. Milk and Milk products Technology :
4.1 Milk Technology- Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk .
Quality, testing and grading raw milk , Quality storage grades of whole milk , Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing , packaging ,storing ,distributing , marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized , standardized , toned ,double toned, sterilized , homogenized , reconstituted , recombined and flavoured milk , Preparation of cultured milk, cultures and their management , youghurt , Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand, Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
4.2 Milk Products Technology – Selection of raw materials , assembling, production , processing ,storing , distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter , Ghee , Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condenses, evaporated , dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products , butter milk, lactose and casein . Testing , Grading , judging milk products- BIS and Agmark specifications , legal standards ,quality control nutritive properties. Packaging ,processing and opdrathonal control Corts.
5. Meat Hygiene and Technology :
5.1 Meat Hygiene :
5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning , slaughter and dressing operations ; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgement of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts- dutier and functinns nf Vdterhnarhans in Vhnldsomd me`t produbtion.
5.1.2 Hygidnic methods of handling producthon nf mdat-rpoilage of leat and control measures – post slaughter physicochemical change in meat and factors that influence them- Quality improvement methods- Adulteration of meat and defection – Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
5.2. Meat Technology :
5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of meat-meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat –curing , canning , irradiation , packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations .
5.3 Byproducts- Slaughter house by products and their utilization- Edible and inedible byproducts- social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter house byproducts- Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection , preservation meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure , composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
5.5. Rabbit/Fur Animal farming- Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
6.Extension – Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principle of extension . Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.

AGRICULTURE

PAPER-I

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans Cropping patterns in different agro- climatic zones of the country. Impact of high- yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. concepts of multiple cropping, multistory, relay and inter-cropping and their importance in relation to food production. package of practices for production of importance cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.

Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural forests.

Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.

Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modern classification of indian soils. mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. principles of soils fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem soils and their reclamation methods.

Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run-off management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems.Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.

Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.

Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.

Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them.

Agricultural exetension. its importance and role, methods of evaluation of exetension programmes. socio- economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for exetension workers; lab- to - land programmmes.

PAPER II

Cell Theory , cell structure, cell organelles and their function , cell division , nucleic acids- structure and function , gene structure and function. Laws of heredity , their significance in plant breeding . Chromosome strucuure , chromosomal aberrations , linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding . Polyploidy,!euploid and euploids . Mutation micro and macro- and their role in crop improvdment . Vari`thon , bolpnndnts of vari`thon . Heritability , sterility and incompatibility classification and their application in crop improvement . Cytoplasmic inheritance , sex-linked , sex – influenced and sex- limited characters.
History of plan breeding . Modes of reproduction , selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin , law of homologous series , crop genetic resources- conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pure- line selection, pedigree , mass and recurrent selections combining ability , its significance in plant breeding . Hybrid vifour and its exploit`tion, b`ckcross method nf breedhng , brdeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding . Improved varieties , hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology , its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production processing and marketing in India.
Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition , surface tension , diffusion and osmosis Absorption and translocation of water , transpiration and water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis- modern concepts and factors affecting the process , aerobic and non – aerobic respiration; C,C and CAM mechanisms; Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization . Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture . Physiology of seed development and germination ; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits , plants , Vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basic . Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques and equhpment .Role of frtits and vdgdt`ble in hulan nutrhthon. R`ising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetable , orchard and plantation crops of India . Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management . Epidemiology and forecasting .
Pesticides , their formulations and modes of action . Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses and their control.
Food production and consumption trends in India . National`nd hnternathonal fond pnliches. Producthon , prncurdment , distribution and processing constraints . Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.

ENGLISH AND INDIAN LANGUAGES

The aim of the paper is to test the candidate's ability to read and understand serious discursive prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly, in English/Indian language concerned. The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows:

(1) Comprehension of given passages

(2) Precis Writing

(3) Usage and Vacabulary

(4) Short Essay Indian Languages--------

(1) Comperhension of given passages.

(2) Precis Writing.

(3) Usage and Vacabulary.

(4) Short Essay.

(5) Translation fron English to the Indian Language and vice-versa.

Note 1. - The papers on Indian Language and vace-versa. Matriculationor equivalent standard and wiil be of qualifying nature only.The marks obtained in these papers will not be counted for ranking.

Note 2.- The candidates will have to answer the english and Indian Languages papers in English and the respective Indian Language (except where translation is involved). ESSAY Candidates will be required to write an essay on a specific topic. The choice of subjects will be given. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in ordely fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will de given for effective and exact expression.