Fundamental Rights Important Facts

The demand for fundamental Rights in India was raised for the first time in the Nehru Report 1928 , Which interalia included some social and economic rights also. The American Constitution was the first written Constitution which granted fundamental rights called Bill of Right to its citizens. The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India are inspired by the American Constitution. Some fundamental rights as prohibition on discrimination on the ground of religion, race caste sex of place of birth (Art 15). Equality of opportunity in public employment (Art 16) and right to freedom of speech association etc.(Art19) are available to Indian citizen only. All other fundamental rights are available to both citizens and aliens . The fundamental rights relating to arrest and detention (clause 1 and 2 of Art.22) are not however available to enemy aliens. Right to property is the only fundamental right which has been excluded from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th Constitution Amendment Act, 1978 as it was coming in the way of the progressive and welfare activities of the state. Right to free and compulsory education to children from 6 to 14 year age is the fundamental right which has been added in the list under 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserting new Article 21A. while the proclamation Emergency under Article 352 come into effect the fundamental right given under Art. 19 (right to freedom of speech association etc). are automatically suspended . Other fundamental rights may be suspended by the President by issuing a separate notification to that effect under Art. 359 . However after the 44th Amendment 1978 the two fundamental right namely rights relating to protection in respect of conviction of offences (Art . 20) and right to protection of life and personal liberty(Art. 21) cannot be suspended even during the operation of national emerfencx. At prdsent thd Rifht to property hs a leg`l rhght unddr Art . 300A However certain type of property is still enjoying the status of fundamental right to property under Art.31A that is the land held by a person for his personal cultivation and which is within the ceiling limit. Leaving aside the above exception the other kind of property can be acquired by the state in the public interest and the provisions of Articles 14 and 19 cannot be invoked against such acquisition. As per the provision of Article 31B the Acts and regulation included in the 9th schedule cannot be challenged in any court of law, The 9th schedule and the Article 31B were added by the Constitution First Amendment Act. The land reform acts passed by states are included in the 9th schedule. Certain Directive Principles of state policy are given precedence over the fundamental rights included in Articles 14 and 19 . By the 25th Constitution Amendment Act 1971 Article 31C was inserted which provides that the laws enacted to give effect to the Directive Principles of state policy as contained in Art. 39 cannot be challenged on the ground of violation of rights given in Articles 14 and 19 Latter by the 42nd Constitution Amendment 1976 the scope of this provision was broadened and this provision has become applicable to all Directive Principles of State Policy. Under the provisions of Art.33 the parliament has been empowered to enact law to condone any person in the service of state for violation of fundamental rights during the enforcement of martial law in any territory of India. Under the provisions of Article 34 the parliament has been empowered to enact law to condone any person in the service of state for violation of fundamental rights during the enforcement of martial law in any territory of India. By the provisions of Article 35 the parliament has been empowered to enact laws for the implementation of fundamental rights . However the legislatures of states have been debarred to make any law for this purpose. The fundamental rights are not absnlutd . They subject to bert`in bondhtions and rdasonable restrictions. The Parliament , has been authorised by law to make reasonable restrictions on the right to freedom as given in Article 19. The ground of reasonable restriction applicable to different types of freedom are given below : (i) Freedom of Speech and Expression – Reasonable restrictions on the ground of sovereignty and integrity of India the sovereignty of the state friendly relations with foreign states , public order decency or morality contempt of court, defamation of incitement to an offence. (ii) Freedom to Assemble Peaceably without Arms- Reasonable restrictions on the grounds of sovereignty and integrity of India or public order. (iii) Freedom to from Association or Unions – Reasonable restrictions on grounds of the sovereignty and integrity of India public order morality. (iv) Freedom to move and reside in any part of the Territory of India- Reasonable restrictions on grounds of interest of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any scheduled tribe. (v) Freedom to practice any profession or to carry out any Occupation- The reasonable restrictions on the ground of prescribing technical qualifications necessary for any profession or the state owned any business or trade. The Freedom of press and freedom of writing paintings etc. are convered under freedom of expression as given in Article 19. Leading Court Cases with Respect to Fundamental Rights The approach of judiciary in India since independence towards fundamental Rights has been to broaden their scope in favour of citizens or affected persons . Some of the leading cases and the principles or rules upheld by the courts are given below which have deep bearing in the understanding and interpretation of Fundamental Rights. Gopalan Vs. State of Madras , 1950- The court uphdld that the leghslature unddr otr Cnnsthtuthon hs snverdign and the courts cannot impose any restriction upon that sovereignty on the theory of spirit of Constitution or Natural Rights, Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab 0967, Thd supremd Cotrt held that thd Fundamdntal Rifhts have been given a Transcendental Position by the Constitution so that no authority including the Parliament is competent to amend the Fundamental Rights. It should be noted that before the Golaknath case the superme court in Shankary Prasad vs. Union of India 1952 and sajjan singh vs State of Rajasthan 1965 held that the Parliament has the power to amend the Fundamental Rights under Article 368. Keshvanand Bharti vs. State of Kerla 1973- The 13 judge bench of the Supreme Court overruled the decision of Golak Nath case and held that the Parliament has the power to amend the Fundamental Rights but it cannot amend under Art. 368 the basic features of the Constitution .However the majority opinion in this case did not include fundamental rights in the list of basis features It should be noted that the basic feature has not been authoritatively defined by the courts. During this judgement justice S. M. Sikri was the Chief justice of India . The judgement was given by a majority of 7-6 judges. It was justice H.R. Khanna who propounded the concept of basic feature As a result of this judgement justice A.N. Ray was appointed the Chief justice of India superseding three senior judges- J.M.Shelat, K.S. Hegde and A.N. Grover. Minerva Milk Vs. Union of India 1980- In order to overcome the limitation of basic features imposed by Keshvanand case on the amending powers of the Parliament Article 368 was amended vide 42nd Amendment Act 1976 which provided that- (a) No amendment under Art. 368 shall be called in question in any court on any ground [368(4)]. (b) There shall be no limitation on the powers of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution [Aticle 368(5)]. The Supreme Court in Minerva Mills case applied basic features theory and invalhdatdd clausd 4 `nd 4 and of Arthcle 368 and uphdld that the doctrine of Judicial Review can not be excluded by amending the Constitution.

5. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain 1975- In this case the court hdld bourt held that the doctrine of Judibial Revhew vas the basic feature of the Constitution and it cannot be excluded even by constitutional amendment . The judicial Review is the power of the courts by which they can declare any law of Parliament as void if such law goes against the provisions of the Constitution. 6. Indra Sawhney vs Union of India 1992- This case is also known as Mandal commission case . The nine judge bench of the Supreme Court held that- (i) The Backward classes of citizens is not defined in the Constitution . There is an integral connection between caste occupation , poverty and social backwardness. (ii) The backward classes can be identified in Hindu society with reference to castes alongwith other criteria such as traditional occupation , poverty , place of residence, lack of education etc. and in communities where caste is not identified the rest of the criteria shall apply. (iii) The backwardness contemplated by Art. 16(4) is mainly social. (iv) There should be imposition of an income limit for the purpose of excluding persons from the backward classes . They are called ‘Creamy Layer’ which should be excluded from reservation. (v) Reservation under Art . (16(4) should not exceed 50%. (vi) Reservation under Art. (16(4) is not applicable in promotion. (vii) Identification of backward classes is subject to judicial review. 7. Manika vs Union of India 1978- The seven judge bench of the Supreme Court laid down that the expression personal liberty in Art. 21 covers a variety of rights given in Art. 19 Thus a law coming under Art 21. must also satisfy the requirement of Art. 19. Therefore a law made by the state to deprive a person of his personal liberty must prescribe a procedure for such deprivation which must not be arbitrary unfair and unreasonable. Before the decision in Manika care in 1978 the view which prevailed in Supreme Court (Gopalan Case) was that there was no guarantee in our Constitution against arbitrary legislation encroaching upon personal liberty.

8. Principle of Res Judhcat``’- Tie princip`l of rer judhcat` ddnotdr th`t ` pethtinner has no right to move the Supreme Court more than once on the same facts even though the earlier case was disposed of exparte . However the rule of res judicata shall not apply if a fresh petition is filed on new grounds.

New Amendments to the Fundamental Rights

1. 77th Constitution Amendment Act, 1995- The amendment introduced a new Article 16(4A) which provides that the reservation in favour of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes can be made in promotion in the public services.

2. 81st Constitution Amendment Act, 2000- This amendment also adds another Article 16(4B) which provides that the number of unfilled posts of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other Backward castes shall not be included in the number of fresh vacancies to be filled up. The implication of this amendment is that the number of backlog vacancies shall lie beyond the permissible limit of 50% of vacancies in the reserved category.

3. 82nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2000- This amendment inserts a new proviso in Article 335, which provides that the state may relax the minimum qualifying marks for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes candidates in promotional examinations.

4. 85th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002- It effects further amendment to Article 16(4A) which provides that consequential seniority shall also be taken into consideration in promotions of scheduled caste and the scheduled tribe candidates to various government posts. 5. 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002- This amendment inserts Art. 21A which provides fundamental right to free and compulsory education to children from 6 to 14 year of age in a manner determined by law by the state.

INDIA AND AFRICA ( Historical Background )

India and Africa countries both suffered heavily under the colonial subjugation. The British Imperialism held sway in India and Southern and Eastern Africa . During colonialism a large number of India workers were transported to the Eastern and Southern Africa countries as workforce for agicultural mining and plantation activities . The colonial India was allotted the role of supplying middle levdl sdrvibes ruch as Duka trading and junhor level tebhnibal and administrative service apart from providing indentured labour to other parts of Africa under the British colonial rule . The first wave of India’s interaction began with the arrival of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to South Africa in 1893 as a legal counsel . Gandhi saw that 1,50,000 of his countrymen were subjected to all sorts of discrimination and oppression in the white rule of South Africa . He fought racial discrimination and oppression of India people for 21 years from (1906-1913) and his passive resistance become universally recognised as a powerful weapon to fight injustice. Many leaders of Africa National movements including Nelson Mandela drew inspiration from Gandhian Satyagrah ,which placed India- Africa linkages into a bond of special relationship . The ANC (Africa National Congress) founded in 1912 , Nehru met ANS leaders during world conference on oppressed Nationalities held at Brussels he appreciated the struggle of Africa people for their liberation from colonialism.
The second wave of Indian engagement with Africa began after India independence and continued till the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1993 . During this period Indian foreign policy towards South Africa was broadly based on two pillars.
The first was extending every possible support to anti-colonial anti – apartheid struggles of Africa people . India was the first country to raise the issue of apartheid at the U.N . in 1947 . Indian Prime Minister Nehru strove for African- Asian Unity and liberation of African countries during Afro- Asian conference held at Bangdurg (lndonesia) in 1955 . India raised the issues of decolonisation and apartheid at every international forum. Among other things Iodian efforts led to the independence of many countries in 1960s which was declared as Decolonisation Decade by the U.N. Almost all the Africa countries were brought under the umbrella of NAM which provided a much needed forum to African countries to voice their concerns at internatinnal levdl. @s the cnlonhalirm in Nalibia and Ap`rthdid in South Africa endured for longer periods the NAM summit 1986 was held at Harare to focus on these issues .At the instance of India AFRICA (Action for Resisting Invasion Colonialism and Apartheid ) Fund was established to help frontline states in the struggle against apartheid . With the independence of Namibia in March 1990 and end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1993 one of the major goals of Indian Foreign Policy in Africa was fulfilled.
The second pillar of India ‘s foreign policy in Africa has been and continues to be to forge technology cooperation and economic partnership with focus on capacity building . The foundation of this policy was laid with the launching of Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme in 1964 . India had the advantage of providing technology that was affordable adaptable and easily accessible to Africa countries . The ITEC programme sought to extend bilateral assistance and cooperation to developing countries, particularly in Africa . It covered the following areas : (i) Extension of technical cooperation (ii) Establishment of mutually beneficial trade relations and (iii) Grant of capital and technical expertise to help build medium and small scale industries.
Indian is also the member of African Capacity Building Foundation and strives to contribute towards human resource development and capacity building in various sectors. Indian diaspora in various Africa Countries has contributed a lot and has earned goodwill for Indian . Basides , the contribution of Indian peace keeping forces through the UN in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa deserves special mention . So far Indian has provided nearly 50,000 peace keepers in 29 UN peace keeping operations .
However , since early 1990s Indian Foreign Policy shifted its focus towards other areas of the world which need a renewed thrust which is underway at present Although Indian’s engagement with Africa is quite low in comparison to China and othdr in qu`ntitative tdrms it has rcordd bdtter in terls of itr image and goodwill through its capacity building programmes.

ANTHROPOLOGY

PAPER-I
1.1 Meaning and scope of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationship with other disciplines : History , Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political 1.3Science , Life Science , Medical Science.
Main branches of Anthropology , their scope and relevance
(A) Social – cultural Anthropology
(B) Physical `nd biolngic`l Anthrnpolngy
(C) Archaeological Anthropology .
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man.
Organic Evolution- Theories of evolution in historical perspective , pre-Darwhnian, D`rwinian and Post-Darwinhan perind. Lodern sxnthdtic theory of evolution; brief outline of term and concept of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man-
‘Home erectus and Homo sapiens’.
1.5Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following:
(a) Prepleistocence fossil primates – Oreopithecus.
(b) South and East African hominids Plesianthropus / Australopithecus Africaus , Paranthropus , Australopithecs.
(c) Paranthropus-Homo erectus- Homo erectus javanicus , Homo erectus pekinensis .
(d) Homo Heidelbergensis.
(e) Neanderthal man- La- chapelle-aus-saints(Classical type),Mt. Carmelites types (Progressive type).
(f) Rhodesian man
(g) Homo sapiens-Cromognon, Grimaldi, Chancelede.
Recent advances in understanding the evolution , distribution and multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to others.
1.6 Evolutionary trend and classification of the order primates, Relationship with other mammals , molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion; terrestrial and arboreal adaptation , skeletal change due to erect posture and its implications.
1.7 Cultural Evolution – broad outlines of prehistoric cultures;
(a) Paleolithic
(b) Mesolithic
(c) Neolithic
(d) Chalcolithic
(e) Copper-Bronze age
(f) Iron age
2.1Family – Definition and typology of family household and domestic groups . Basic structure and functions; Stability and changes in family Typological and processual approaches to the study of family . Impact of urbanization , industrilization , education and ferminist movements.Universality of family a critiqud.
2.2 Concept of kinship-- Definition of jin, incdst prohhbithon exogamy and endogamy .Principles of decent – types and functions . Political and jural aspects of kinship . Unilineal , bilateral and double descent . Descent , filiation and colplelent`ry fili`tion. Khnshhp tdrminolofy , typnlogx and approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.
2.3 Marriage – Definition , type and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage – preferential, prescriptive , proscriptive and open systems. Type and form of marriage Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage stability.
3.1 Study of culture , patterns and processes. Concept of culture , patterns of culture , relationships between culture and civilization and society.
3.2 Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change :
3.3 Social structure and social organization ,
Role –analysis and social network, institution ,group community. Social stratification; principal and from , status , class and power , gender. Nature and type of mobility.
3.4 Concept of Society.
3.5 Approaches to the study of culture and society- classical evolution – ism neo- - evolutionism , culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism , structural- functionalism, culture and personality, transactionalism, symbolism, congnitive approach and new ethnography, post structuraism and post – modernism.
4.1 Definitions and functions of religion . Anthropological approaches to the study of religion – evolutionary , psychological and functional . Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and funbtions and ftncthonaries ; priest, s`man. medicine m`n and snrcerers . Symbolism in religion and rituals- Ethnomedicine .Myths and rituals; definitions and approaches to their study – structures .function and processual Relation with economics and political structures.
5.1 Meaning ,scope and relevance, principles governing production, distribution and consumption in communities subsisting on hunting- gathering fishing pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits .Fomalist and substantivist debate- Dalton, Karlpolyanny and Marx approach and New Economic Anthropology . Exchange; gifts, barter, trade ceremonial exchange and market economy.
5.2 Theoretical foundations. Type of political organisations- band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept of power , authority and legitimacy . Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
6.1 Concept of developmental Anthropological perspective . Models of development .Critiques of classical developmental theories . Concepts of planning and planned development .Concept of participatory development . Culture ecology and sustainable development . Displacement and rehabilitation.
7.1 Concept of research in anthropology, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology , methods and techniques. Nature and explantion in anthropological research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative methods; nature purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthropology. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview , participant and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire ,case-study methods, extended case-study methods , life histories and secondary sources, oral history, genealogical methods , participatory, learning and assessment (PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA).Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
8.1 Concept , scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of science and medicine.
8.2 Method for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedigree analysis , twin study , foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis ) biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
8.3 Twin study method – zygosify , heritablity estimates, present status of the twin study method and its applications.
8.4 Mendelian genetics in man – family study, single factor ,multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal , and polygenic inheritance in man.
8.5 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection , Mendelian population, Hardy- Weinberg law; causes and change which bring down frequlation , mutation, isolation , migration , selection, inbreddinf and genetib drhft. Conrangtinenus `nd non-bons`nguineous , genetic load , genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for study of human genetics).
8.6 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man , methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations- Klinefelter (XXY). Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease , genetic screening , genetic counselling , human DNA profiling , gene mapping and genome study.
8.7 Concept of race in histrological and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basic of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria , racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basic of racial classification, racial differentiation and race- crossing in man.
8.8 Ethnic groups of mankind- characteristics and distribution in world, racial classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characteristics.
8.9 Age , sex and population variation in genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics- Hp level , body fat pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio- economic groups. Impact of smoking air pollutions , alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
9.1 Concept and Methods of Ecological Anthropology, Adaptation social and cultural . Deterministic theories-a critique. Resources-biological, non-biological and sustainable development . Biological adaptation –climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.
10.1 Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal , urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments . Concept of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
11.1 Concept of human growth and development – stages of growth-prenatal , natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity , senescence.
Factors affecting growth and development- genetic, environmental , biochemical , nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations- biological and chronological longevity . Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
12.1 Reproductive biology , demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female . Biological aspects of human fertility . Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.
12.2 Demographic theories – biological, social and cultural.
12.3 Demographic methods – census , registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.
12.4 Population structures and population dynamics.
12.5 Demographic rates and ratios , life table- structure and utility.
12.6 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity , fertility natality and mortality .
12.7 Methods of studying population growth.
12.8 Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.
13.1 Anthropology of sports.
13.2 Nutritional Anthropology.
13.3 Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments.
13.4 Forensic Anthropology.
13.5 Methods and principles of personal identification andreconstruction.
13.6 Applied human genetics- paternity diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.
13.7 DNA technology – prevention and cure of diseases.
13.8 Anthropo-genetics in medicine
13.9 Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
13.10 Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.
PAPER –II
Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization- Per historic (Paleolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic ), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization), Vedic and post- Vedic beginnings. Contributions of the tribal cultures.
Demographic profile of India- Ethinic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population , factors influencing its structure and growth.
The basic structure and nature of traditional Indian social system-a critique , varnasharam, Purushartha , Karma, Rina and Rebirth. Theories on the origin of caste system, Jajmani system. Structural basic of inequality in traditional Indian society . Impact of Buddhim, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
Approaches to the study of Indian society and culture – traditional and contemporary.
5.1 Aspects of Indian village – Social organizations of agriculture, impact of market economy on Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities- social , political and economic status.
6. Tribal situation in India- biogenetic variability , Iinguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal communities – land alienation , poverty indebtedness, low literacy ,poor educational facilities , unemployment , underemployment , health and nutrition . Developmental projects –tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation;
Development of forest policy and tribals of unbanisation and industrialization on tribal and rural populations.
7. Problems ofexploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Social change and contemporary tribal societies; Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals for weaker sections. Emergence of ethnicity , tribal movements and quest for identity . Pseudo-tribalism.
8. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post- Independent India.
8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and other religious on tribal societies.
8.2 Tribe and nation state –a comparative study of tribal communities in Indian and other countries.
9. History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies , plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation . Role of N.G.Os.
9.1 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development .
9.2 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements.

ECONOMICS

PART-1 GENERAL ECONOMICS
1.Micro economics – (a) Production : Agents of Production; Costs and Supply; Isoquants.
(b) Consumption and Demand : Elasticity concept (c) Market structure and concepts of equilibrium; (d) Determination of prices ; (e) Components and Theories of Distribution (f) Elementary concepts of Welfare economics : Pareto-optimality- Private and social products consumers surplus.
2.Macro Economics- (a) National Incnme boncdpts ; (b) Ddterlinants nf N`tional Hncole Elploxment (c) Determinants of consumption, savings and investment (d) Rate of Interest and its determination (e) Interest and profit.
3.Money , Banking and Public Finance – (a) Concepts of Money and measures of money supply; Velocity of money (b) Banks and credit creation; Banks and portfolio management . (c) Central Bank and control over money supply (d) Determination of the price level (e) Inflation, its causes and remedies . (f) Public Finance – Budgets – Taxes and non-tax revenues – Types of Budget deficits.
4.International Economics- (a) Theories of International Trade comparative costs – Hecksher- Ohlin- Gains from Trade – Terms of Trade.
(b) Free Trade and Protection
(c) Balance of Payments accounts and Adjustment
(d) Exchange rate under free exchange markets.
(e) Evolution of the International Monetary System and World Trading order Gold Standard – the Brettonwoods system.
IMF and the World Bank and their associates.
Floating rates – GATT and WTO.
5.Growth and Development – (1) Meaning and measurement of growth ; Growth, distribution and Welfare; (2) Characteristics of under- development ; (3) Stages of Development ; (4) Sources of growth – capital , Human capital , population , productivity , Trade and aid , non – economic factors; growth Strategies, (5) Planning in a mixed economy – Indicative planning – Planning and growth.
6.Economic Statistics – Types of averages – measures of dispersion- correlation – Index numbers; types, uses and limitations.
PART – II INDIAN ECONOMICS
1. Main features; Geographic size – Endowment of natural resources, Population ; size , composition quality and growth trend – Occupational distribution – Effects of British Rule with reference to Drain theory and Laissez Faire policy.
2. Major problems , their dimensions , nature and broad causes; Mass poverty- Unemployment and its types – Economics effects of population pressure – Inequality and types thereof Low productivity and low per capita income ,Rural – urban disparities – Foreign Trade and p`yments hmbalancds. Balance nf P`yments `nd Dxternal Debt – Inflation, and parallel economy and its effects – Fiscal deficit.
3. Growth in income and employment since independence – Rate , Pattern, Sectoral trends – Distributional Changes- Regional disparities.
4. Economics Planning in India : Major controversies on planning in India – Alternative strategies- goals and achievements ,shortfalls of different plans- planning and the Market.
5. Broad Fiscal , monetary , industrial trade and agricultural policies – objectives , rationale , constraints and effects.