Human Development Index (HDI)

 HDI measure was given by Pakistani Nobel prize Winner Economist, Mehbub-ul-Haq.

Estimates/Causes

·        Measured by Human Development Index (HDI), published by UNDP since 1990.

·        Three dimensions

(1)   1 Life expectancy at birth rate;

(2)   2 Education index comprising means year of schooling and expected year of schooling;

(3)   3 GNI per capita (PPPUS $) Index.

Programmes/Measures

·  NRHM (National Rural health Mission) was Launched on 2^nd April, 2005 to reduce IMR and MMR.

·  Education programmes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Etc.

·  Rural development programmes like MGNREGA AND BHARAT NIRMAN.

Inequality

Programmes/Measures

·        Adoption of progressive taxation in India.

·        Anti-Poverty and employment generation programmes.

·        Land reforms like abolition of intermediation, land ceiling acts, tenancy reforms and co-operative movement were launched.

·        Rural development programmes.

·        Backward region grant fund.

Poverty

Estimates/Causes

·        Main Reasons for Rural Poverty Rapid population growth, lack of capital, lack of alternate employment other than agriculture, illiteracy and lack of proper implementation of PDS.

·        Main Reasons for Urban poverty  Migration from rural areas, lack of skilled labour, lack of housing facilities, limited job opportunities in cities.

·        Based on 2400 calories (rural) and 2100 calories (urban) and monthly per capita consumption expenditure of Rs 356 (rural) and 538 (urban), Planning Commission estimated poverty ratio in India in 2004-05 was 27.5%.

·        The Poverty ration or the number of poor as a percentage of total population in India for 2004-05 estimated at 37.2% according to the Suresh Tendulkar Committee.