PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Malayalam
Section-A
Unit 1 Early phase of Malayalam Language:
1.1 Various theories : origin from proto Dravidian , Tamil Sanskrit.
1.2 Relation between Tamil and Malyalam : Six nayas of A.R. Rajarajavarma.
1.3 Pattu school – definition , Ramacharitam , later pattu works – Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
Unit 2- Linguistic features of :
2.1 Manipravalam- definition Language of early manipravala works – Champu, Sandesakavya, Chandrotsava, minor works, Later Manipravala works – medieval Champu and Attakkatha.
2.2 Folklore – Southern and Northern ballads, Mappila songs.
2.3 Early Malayalam prose- Bhashakautaliyam, Brahmandapuranam, Attaprakaram, Kramadipika and nambian- tamil.
Unit 3- Satandardisation of Malayalam :
3.1 Peculiarities of the language of Pana , Kilippattu and Tullal.
3.2 Contributions of indigenous and European missionaries to Malayalam.
3.3 Characteristics of contemporary Malayalam : Malayalam as administravie language. Language of scientific and technical literature- media language.
Section-B
Literary History
Unit 4- Ancient and Medheval Literature :
4.1 Pattu – Ramacharitam, Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
4.2 Manipravalam- early and medieval manipravala works including attakkatha and champu.
4.3 Folk literature .
4.4 Kilippattu, Tullal and mahakavya.
Unit 5- Modern Literature – Poetry
5.1 Venmani poets and contemporaries.
5.2 The advent of Romanticism Poetry of Kavitraya i.e. Asan, Ulloor and Vallathol
5.3 Poetry after Kavtraya.
5.4 Modernism in Malayalam poetry.
Unit 6- Modern Literature – Prose
6.1 Drama
6.2 Novel
6.3 Short story
6.4 Biography , travelogue , essay and criticiam.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Malayalam
This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and is designed to test candidate’s critical ability.
Section –A
Unit-1
1.1 Ramacharitam- Patalam 1.
1.2 Kannassaramayanam- Balakandam first 25 stanzas.
1.3 Unnunilisandesam- Purvabhagam 25 slokas including Prastavana
1.4 Mahabharatham Kilippattu- Bhishmaparvam..
Unit-2
2.1 Kumaran Asan – Chintavisthayaya Sita.
2.2 Vailoppolli- Kutiyozhikkal.
2.3 G. Sankara Kurup- Perunthachan.
2.4 N. V. Krishna Variar- Tivandiyile Patte.
Unit-3
3.1 ONV- Bhumikkoru Charamagitam
3.2 Ayyappa Panicker – Kurukshetram.
3.3Akkitteam- Pandathe Messanthi
Attur Ravivaram- Megharupan.
Section-B
Unit-4
4.1 O. Chanthu Menon- Indulekha
4.2 Thakazhy – Chemmin.
4.3 O.V. Vijayan- Khasakkinte Ithihasam.
Unit- 5
5.1 M.t.Vasudevan Nair- Vanaprastham (Collection)
5.2 N.S. Madhavan- Higvitta (Collection)
5.3 C.J.Thomas – 1128-il Crime 27
Unit-6
6.1 Kuttikrishna marar- Bharataparyatanam
6.2 M.K. Sanu- Nakshatrangalute Snehabhajanam
6.3 V.T. Bhattathirippad – Kannirum Kinavum.
KONKANI
0 commentsPAPER-I
Answers must be written in Konkani
Section –A
History of Konkani Language:
(i) Origin and development of the language & Influences on it.
(ii) Major variants of Konkani & their linguistic features.
(iii) Grammatical and lexicographic work in Konkani , including a study of cases, adverbs , indeclinables and voices.
(iv) Old Standard Konkani , New Standard & standardization Problems.
Section –B
History of Konkani Literature :
Candidates would be expected to be well acquainted with Konkani literature and its social and cultural background and consider the problems and issues arising out of them.
(i) History of Konkani literature from its probable source to the present times , with emphasis on its major works , writers and movements.
(ii) Social and cultural background of the making Konkani literature from time to time.
(iii) India and Western influences on Konkani literature from the earliest to modern times .
(iv) Modern literary trends in the various genres and regions including a study of Konkani folklore.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Konkani
Textual Criticism of Konkani Literature
The paper will be designed to test candidate’s critical and analytical abilities. Candidates would be expected to be well –acquinted with Konkani Literature and required to have a first –hand reading of the following texts:
Section-A
Prose
1.(a) Konkani Mansagangotri (excluding poetry) ed. By Prof . olivinho Gomes
(b) Old Konkani language and literature –thd Portugtese Rold
2.(a) Otmo Denvcharak –a novdel by A.V. da Cruz.
(b) Vadoll ani Varem- A novel by Antonio Pareira.
(c) Devache Kurpen –a novel by V J P Saldanha.
3.(a) Vijralikhani Shenoy Goem – bab- An anthology –ed by Shantaram Varde Valavalikar.
(b) Konkani Lalit Niband – Essays –ed-by Shyam Verenkar
(c) Teen Dasakam – An I Anthology- ed. By Chandrakant Keni.
4.(a) Demand –Drama – by Pundalik Naik
(b) Kadambini-A miscellany of modern Prose – ed. By Prof . OJF Gomes & Smt. P.S. Tadkodkar.
(c) Ratha Tujeo Ghudieo – by Smt. Jayanti Naik.
Section-B
Poetry
1.(a) Ev ani Mori : Poetry by Eduardo Bruno de Souza.
(b) Abravanchem Yadnyadan- by Luis Mascarenhas.
2.(a) Godde Ramayan –ed , by R.K. Rao
(b) Ratnahar I & II- collection of poems- ed . R.V. Pandit.
3.(a) Zayo Zuyo-poems- Manohar L. Sardessai.
(b) Kanadi Mati Konkani Kavi- Anthology of Poems- ed Pratap Naik.
4.(a) Adrushatache Kalle- Poems by Pandurang Bhangui.
(b) Yaman- Poems by Madhav Borkar.
Answers must be written in Konkani
Section –A
History of Konkani Language:
(i) Origin and development of the language & Influences on it.
(ii) Major variants of Konkani & their linguistic features.
(iii) Grammatical and lexicographic work in Konkani , including a study of cases, adverbs , indeclinables and voices.
(iv) Old Standard Konkani , New Standard & standardization Problems.
Section –B
History of Konkani Literature :
Candidates would be expected to be well acquainted with Konkani literature and its social and cultural background and consider the problems and issues arising out of them.
(i) History of Konkani literature from its probable source to the present times , with emphasis on its major works , writers and movements.
(ii) Social and cultural background of the making Konkani literature from time to time.
(iii) India and Western influences on Konkani literature from the earliest to modern times .
(iv) Modern literary trends in the various genres and regions including a study of Konkani folklore.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Konkani
Textual Criticism of Konkani Literature
The paper will be designed to test candidate’s critical and analytical abilities. Candidates would be expected to be well –acquinted with Konkani Literature and required to have a first –hand reading of the following texts:
Section-A
Prose
1.(a) Konkani Mansagangotri (excluding poetry) ed. By Prof . olivinho Gomes
(b) Old Konkani language and literature –thd Portugtese Rold
2.(a) Otmo Denvcharak –a novdel by A.V. da Cruz.
(b) Vadoll ani Varem- A novel by Antonio Pareira.
(c) Devache Kurpen –a novel by V J P Saldanha.
3.(a) Vijralikhani Shenoy Goem – bab- An anthology –ed by Shantaram Varde Valavalikar.
(b) Konkani Lalit Niband – Essays –ed-by Shyam Verenkar
(c) Teen Dasakam – An I Anthology- ed. By Chandrakant Keni.
4.(a) Demand –Drama – by Pundalik Naik
(b) Kadambini-A miscellany of modern Prose – ed. By Prof . OJF Gomes & Smt. P.S. Tadkodkar.
(c) Ratha Tujeo Ghudieo – by Smt. Jayanti Naik.
Section-B
Poetry
1.(a) Ev ani Mori : Poetry by Eduardo Bruno de Souza.
(b) Abravanchem Yadnyadan- by Luis Mascarenhas.
2.(a) Godde Ramayan –ed , by R.K. Rao
(b) Ratnahar I & II- collection of poems- ed . R.V. Pandit.
3.(a) Zayo Zuyo-poems- Manohar L. Sardessai.
(b) Kanadi Mati Konkani Kavi- Anthology of Poems- ed Pratap Naik.
4.(a) Adrushatache Kalle- Poems by Pandurang Bhangui.
(b) Yaman- Poems by Madhav Borkar.
KASHMIRI
0 commentsPAPER-I
Answers must be written in Kashmhri
Section- A
1. Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri Language : various theories.
2. Areas of occurrence and dialects (geographical / social)
3. Phonology and grammar:
(i)Vowel and consonant system;
(ii) Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections;
(iii) Verbs : various types and tenses.
4. Syntactic structure :
(i) Simple, active and declarative statements;
(ii) Coordination;
(iii)Relativsation.
Section-B
1. Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio- cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam)
2. Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres: vatsun; ghazal; and mathnavi).
3. Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjooor and Azad; various literary influences).
4. Modern Kashmiri literature (with special reference to the development of the short story, drama , novel and nazm).
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kashmiri
Section-A
1.Intensive study of Kashmiri poetry upto the nineteenth century.
(i) Lal Dyad
(ii) Sheikhul Aalam
(iii) Habba Khatoon
2.Kashmiri poetry : 19th Century
(i) Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
(ii) Maqbool Shah (Gulrez)
(iii) Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
(iv) Abdul Ahad Nadim (N’at)
(v) Krishanjoo Razdn (Shiv Lagun)
(vi) Sufi Poets (Text in Sanglaab , published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
3. Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
4. Literary criticism and research work : development and various trends.
Section –B
1.An analytical study of the short story in kashmiri.
(i) Afsana Majmu’a published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri , University of Kashmir.
(ii) Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi
(iii) Hamasar Kashur Afsana , published by the Sahitya Akademi
The following short story writers only : Akhtar Mohi-ud- Din, Amin Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh , Gulshan Majid.
2.Novel in Karhmiri
(i) mujrim by G.N. Fowhar
(ii) Larun- lvan llyibhun , (Kashmiri version of Tolstou’s The Death of lvan liyich (Published by Kashmiri Deptt).
3. Drama in kashmiri
(i) Natuk Kariv Band, by Hari krishan kaul
(ii) Ok Angy Natuk, ed, motilal Keemu. Published by Sahitya Akademi.
(iii) Razi Oedipus, tr. Naji Munawar, published by Sahitya Akademi.
4. Kashmiri Folk Literature:
(i) Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat, published by Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
(ii) Kashiry Luki Beeth (all volumes) published by the J & K Cultural Academy.
Answers must be written in Kashmhri
Section- A
1. Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri Language : various theories.
2. Areas of occurrence and dialects (geographical / social)
3. Phonology and grammar:
(i)Vowel and consonant system;
(ii) Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections;
(iii) Verbs : various types and tenses.
4. Syntactic structure :
(i) Simple, active and declarative statements;
(ii) Coordination;
(iii)Relativsation.
Section-B
1. Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio- cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam)
2. Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres: vatsun; ghazal; and mathnavi).
3. Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjooor and Azad; various literary influences).
4. Modern Kashmiri literature (with special reference to the development of the short story, drama , novel and nazm).
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kashmiri
Section-A
1.Intensive study of Kashmiri poetry upto the nineteenth century.
(i) Lal Dyad
(ii) Sheikhul Aalam
(iii) Habba Khatoon
2.Kashmiri poetry : 19th Century
(i) Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
(ii) Maqbool Shah (Gulrez)
(iii) Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
(iv) Abdul Ahad Nadim (N’at)
(v) Krishanjoo Razdn (Shiv Lagun)
(vi) Sufi Poets (Text in Sanglaab , published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
3. Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
4. Literary criticism and research work : development and various trends.
Section –B
1.An analytical study of the short story in kashmiri.
(i) Afsana Majmu’a published by the Deptt. Of Kashmiri , University of Kashmir.
(ii) Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi
(iii) Hamasar Kashur Afsana , published by the Sahitya Akademi
The following short story writers only : Akhtar Mohi-ud- Din, Amin Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh , Gulshan Majid.
2.Novel in Karhmiri
(i) mujrim by G.N. Fowhar
(ii) Larun- lvan llyibhun , (Kashmiri version of Tolstou’s The Death of lvan liyich (Published by Kashmiri Deptt).
3. Drama in kashmiri
(i) Natuk Kariv Band, by Hari krishan kaul
(ii) Ok Angy Natuk, ed, motilal Keemu. Published by Sahitya Akademi.
(iii) Razi Oedipus, tr. Naji Munawar, published by Sahitya Akademi.
4. Kashmiri Folk Literature:
(i) Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat, published by Deptt. Of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
(ii) Kashiry Luki Beeth (all volumes) published by the J & K Cultural Academy.
KANNADA
0 commentsPAPER-I
Answers must be written in Kannada
SECTION-A
A.History of Kannada Language – What is Language ? General characteristics of Language . Dravidian Family of Language and its specific features, Antiquity of Kannada Language , Different Phases of its Development .
Dialects of Kannada Language – Regional and Social Various aspects of development of Kannada Language – phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing .
B.History of Kannada Literature- Ancient Kannada literature- Influence and Trends . Poets for study- Specified poets from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents , form and expression – Pampa , Janna, Nagachandra .
Medieval Kannada literature- Influence and Trends.
Vachana literature – Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi.
Medieval Poets- Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumar- Vyasa.
Dasa literature – Purandra and Kanaka. Sangataya- Ratnakaravarni.
C.Modern Kannada literature- Influence, trends and ideologies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya.
SECTION-B
A.Poetics and literary criticism- Definition and concepts of poetry- Word, Meaning , Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani, Auchitya. Interpretations of Rasa Sutra . Modern Trends of literary criticism- Formalist , Historical , Marxist, Feminist, Post- colonial criticism.
Answers must be written in Kannada
SECTION-A
A.History of Kannada Language – What is Language ? General characteristics of Language . Dravidian Family of Language and its specific features, Antiquity of Kannada Language , Different Phases of its Development .
Dialects of Kannada Language – Regional and Social Various aspects of development of Kannada Language – phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing .
B.History of Kannada Literature- Ancient Kannada literature- Influence and Trends . Poets for study- Specified poets from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents , form and expression – Pampa , Janna, Nagachandra .
Medieval Kannada literature- Influence and Trends.
Vachana literature – Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi.
Medieval Poets- Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumar- Vyasa.
Dasa literature – Purandra and Kanaka. Sangataya- Ratnakaravarni.
C.Modern Kannada literature- Influence, trends and ideologies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya.
SECTION-B
A.Poetics and literary criticism- Definition and concepts of poetry- Word, Meaning , Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani, Auchitya. Interpretations of Rasa Sutra . Modern Trends of literary criticism- Formalist , Historical , Marxist, Feminist, Post- colonial criticism.
B.Cultural History of Karnataka- Contribution of Dynasties to the culture of Karnataka- Chalukyas of Badami and kalyani , Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara rules , in literary context. Major religions of Karnataka and their cultural contributions.
Arts of Karnataka- Sculpture , Architecture ,Painting , Music, Dance-in the literary context.
Unification of Karnataka and its impact on Kannada literature.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kannada
The paper will require first- hand reading of the Texts prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidates.
SECTION-A
A. Old Kannada Literature:
1.Vikramaarjuna Vijaya of Pampa (cantos 12 & 13), (Mysore University Pub.)
2.Vaddaraadhane (Sukumaraswamyia Kathe, Vidyutchorana Kathe)
B.Medieval Kannada Literature:
1.Vachana Kammata, Ed. K. Marulasiddappa K. R. Nagaraj (Bangalore University Pub.)
2.Janapriya Kanakasamputa, Ed. D. Javare Gowda (Kannada and Culture Directorate Bangalore).
3.Nambiyannana Ragale, Ed. T. N. Sreekantaiah (Ta. Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore).
4.Kumaravyasa Bharata- Karna Parva (Mysore University).
5.Bharatesha Vaibhava Sangraha, Ed. Ta. Su. Shama Rao (Mysore University).
SECTION-B
A.Modern Kannada Literature .
1.Poetry- Hosagannada Kavite, Ed, G.H Nayak (Kannada Saahitya Parishattu, Bangalore).
2.Novel- Bettada Jeeva- Shivarama Karanta Madhavi- Arupama Niranjana Odalaala- Devenuru Mahadeva.
3.Short Story- kannada Sanna Kathegalu, Ed. G. H. Nayak (Sahitya Academy , New Delhi).
4.Drama – Shudra Tapaswi- Kuvempu- Tughalak- Girish Karnad.
5.Vichara Saahitya- Devaru- A. N. Moorty Rao (Pub ; D.V.K. Moorty, Mysore).
B.Folk Literature:
1.Janapada Swaroopa- Dr. H.N. Nayak. (Ta Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore).
2.Janapada Geetaanjaili – Ed. D. Javare Gowda. (Pub: Sahitya Academy, New Delhi.)
3.Kannada Janapada Kathegalu- Ed, J.S. Paramashivaiah, (Mysore university).
4.Beedi Makkalu Beledo, Ed, Kalegowda Nagavara (Pub : Bangalore University).
5.Savirada Ogatugalu- Ed. S. G. Imrapura.
Arts of Karnataka- Sculpture , Architecture ,Painting , Music, Dance-in the literary context.
Unification of Karnataka and its impact on Kannada literature.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kannada
The paper will require first- hand reading of the Texts prescribed and will be designed to test the critical ability of the candidates.
SECTION-A
A. Old Kannada Literature:
1.Vikramaarjuna Vijaya of Pampa (cantos 12 & 13), (Mysore University Pub.)
2.Vaddaraadhane (Sukumaraswamyia Kathe, Vidyutchorana Kathe)
B.Medieval Kannada Literature:
1.Vachana Kammata, Ed. K. Marulasiddappa K. R. Nagaraj (Bangalore University Pub.)
2.Janapriya Kanakasamputa, Ed. D. Javare Gowda (Kannada and Culture Directorate Bangalore).
3.Nambiyannana Ragale, Ed. T. N. Sreekantaiah (Ta. Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore).
4.Kumaravyasa Bharata- Karna Parva (Mysore University).
5.Bharatesha Vaibhava Sangraha, Ed. Ta. Su. Shama Rao (Mysore University).
SECTION-B
A.Modern Kannada Literature .
1.Poetry- Hosagannada Kavite, Ed, G.H Nayak (Kannada Saahitya Parishattu, Bangalore).
2.Novel- Bettada Jeeva- Shivarama Karanta Madhavi- Arupama Niranjana Odalaala- Devenuru Mahadeva.
3.Short Story- kannada Sanna Kathegalu, Ed. G. H. Nayak (Sahitya Academy , New Delhi).
4.Drama – Shudra Tapaswi- Kuvempu- Tughalak- Girish Karnad.
5.Vichara Saahitya- Devaru- A. N. Moorty Rao (Pub ; D.V.K. Moorty, Mysore).
B.Folk Literature:
1.Janapada Swaroopa- Dr. H.N. Nayak. (Ta Vem. Smaraka Grantha Male, Mysore).
2.Janapada Geetaanjaili – Ed. D. Javare Gowda. (Pub: Sahitya Academy, New Delhi.)
3.Kannada Janapada Kathegalu- Ed, J.S. Paramashivaiah, (Mysore university).
4.Beedi Makkalu Beledo, Ed, Kalegowda Nagavara (Pub : Bangalore University).
5.Savirada Ogatugalu- Ed. S. G. Imrapura.
HINDI
0 commentsPAPER-I
Answers must be written in Hindi
Part-A
History of Hindi Language and Nagari Lipi .
(i)Grammatical and applied forms of Apbhransh Awahatta & Arambhik Hindi.
(ii) Development of Braj and Awadhi as literary language during medieval period.
(iii) Early form of Khari- boli in Siddha- Nath Sahitya , Khusero, Sant Sahitaya, Rahim etc and Dakhni – Hindi.
(iv)Development of Khari- boli and Nagari Lipi during 19th Century.
(v) Standardisation of Hindi Bhasha & Nagari Lipi.
(vi) Development of Hindi as national Language during freedom movement.
(vii) The development of Hindi as a National Language of Union of India.
(viii) Scientific & Technical development of Hindi Language.
(ix) Prominent dialects of Hindi and their interrelationship.
(x) Salient features of Nagari Lipi and the efforts for its reform & Standard form of Hindi.
(xi)Grammatical structure of Standard Hindi.
Part- B
History of Hindi Literature.
(i) The relevance and importance of Hindi literature and tradition of writing History of Hindi Literature.
(ii) Literary trends of the following four periods of history of Hindi Literature.
A. Adikal- Sidh, Nath and Raso Sahitya. Prominent poets Chandvardai , Khusaro, Hemchandra, Vidyapati.
B.Bhaktikal – Sant Kavyadhara, Sufi Kavyadhara, Krishna Bhaktidhara and Ram Bhaktidhara.
Prominent Poets- Kabir, Jayasi, Soor & Tulsi.
Answers must be written in Hindi
Part-A
History of Hindi Language and Nagari Lipi .
(i)Grammatical and applied forms of Apbhransh Awahatta & Arambhik Hindi.
(ii) Development of Braj and Awadhi as literary language during medieval period.
(iii) Early form of Khari- boli in Siddha- Nath Sahitya , Khusero, Sant Sahitaya, Rahim etc and Dakhni – Hindi.
(iv)Development of Khari- boli and Nagari Lipi during 19th Century.
(v) Standardisation of Hindi Bhasha & Nagari Lipi.
(vi) Development of Hindi as national Language during freedom movement.
(vii) The development of Hindi as a National Language of Union of India.
(viii) Scientific & Technical development of Hindi Language.
(ix) Prominent dialects of Hindi and their interrelationship.
(x) Salient features of Nagari Lipi and the efforts for its reform & Standard form of Hindi.
(xi)Grammatical structure of Standard Hindi.
Part- B
History of Hindi Literature.
(i) The relevance and importance of Hindi literature and tradition of writing History of Hindi Literature.
(ii) Literary trends of the following four periods of history of Hindi Literature.
A. Adikal- Sidh, Nath and Raso Sahitya. Prominent poets Chandvardai , Khusaro, Hemchandra, Vidyapati.
B.Bhaktikal – Sant Kavyadhara, Sufi Kavyadhara, Krishna Bhaktidhara and Ram Bhaktidhara.
Prominent Poets- Kabir, Jayasi, Soor & Tulsi.
(C) Ritikal- Ritikavya, Ritibaddhakavya & Riti Mukta Kavya.
Prominent Poets- Keshav , Bihari, Padmakar and Ghananand.
(D) Adhunik Kal- (a) Renaissance, the development of Prose, Bharatendu Mandal.
(b) Prominent Writers: Bharatendu, Bal Krishna Bhatt & Pratap Narain Mishra.
(c) Prominent trends of modern Hindi Poety- Chhayavad, Pragativad, Prayogvad, Nai Kavita, Navgeet and Contemporary poetry and Janvadi Kavita.
Prominent Poets – Maithili Sharan Gupta , Prasas, Nirala ,Mahadevi, Dinkar, Agyeya, Muktibodh , Nagarjun.
(iii)Katha Sahitya- (A) Upanyas & Realism, (B) The origin and development of Hindi Novels. (C) Prominent Novelists – Premchand, Jainendra, Yashpal , Renu and Bhism Sahani . (D) The origin and development of Hindi short story. (E) Prominent short story writers- Premchand, Prasad, Agyeya, Mohan Rakesh & Krishna Shobti.
(iv) Drama & Theatre- (A) The origin & Development of Hindi Drama.
(B) Prominent Dramatists – Bharatendu, Prasad, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Ram Kumar Verma , Mohan Rakesh.
(C) The development of Hindi Theature.
(v) Criticism- (A) The origin and development of Hindi criticism- Saiddhantik , Vyavharik , Pragativadi, Manovishleshanvadi & Nai Alochana.
(B) Prominent critics- Ramchandra Shukla. Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma & Nagendra.
(vi)The other forms of Hindi prose- Lalit Nibandh, Rekhachitra, Sansmaran, Yatra-vrittant.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Hindi
This paper will require first hand reading of prescribed texts and will test the critical ability of the candidates.
Part-I
1.Kabir- kabir Granthawali, Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (First hundred Sakhis).
2.Surdas- Bhramar Gitsar, Ed. Ramchandra Shukla (First hundred Padas)
3.Tulsidas- Ramcharit Manas (Sundar Kand) Kavitawali (Uttar Kand).
4.Jayasi- Padmawat, Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (Sinhal Dwip Khand & Nagmativiyog Khand).
5.Bihari- Bihari Ratnakar, Ed, Jagnnath Prasad Ratnakar (First 100 Dohas)
6.Maithili Sharan Gupta- Bharat Bharati.
7.Prasad- Kamayani (Chinta and Shraddha Sarg)
8.Nirala- Rag- Vir`g. Dd R`m Vhlas Sharma (Ram Ki Rhakti Ptja & Kukurmutta).
9.Dinkar- Kurushetra.
10.Agyeya- Angan Ke Per Dwar (Asadhya Vina)
11.Muktibodh – Brahma Rakshas
12.Nagarjun- Badal Ko Ghirte Dekha Hai, Akal Ke Bad, Harijan Gatha.
Part-II
1.Bharatendu- Bharat Durdasha
2.Mohan Rakesh – Ashad Ka Ek Din.
3.Ramchandra Shukla- Chintamani
(Part I)
(Kavita Kya Hai) Shraddha Aur Bhakti.
4.Dr. Satyendra- Nibandh Nilaya- Bal Krishna Bhatt, Premchand , Gulab Rai, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma , Agyeya, Kuber Nath Rai.
5.Premchand- Godan – Premchand Ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan Ed. Amrit Rai.
Manjusha – Premchand Ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan Ed. Amrit Rai.
6.Prasad – Skandgupta
7.Yashpal – Divya.
8.Phaniswar Nath Renu- Maila Anchal.
9.Mannu Bhandari- Mahabhoj.
10.Rajendra Yadav- Ek Dunia Samanantar. (All Stories)
Prominent Poets- Keshav , Bihari, Padmakar and Ghananand.
(D) Adhunik Kal- (a) Renaissance, the development of Prose, Bharatendu Mandal.
(b) Prominent Writers: Bharatendu, Bal Krishna Bhatt & Pratap Narain Mishra.
(c) Prominent trends of modern Hindi Poety- Chhayavad, Pragativad, Prayogvad, Nai Kavita, Navgeet and Contemporary poetry and Janvadi Kavita.
Prominent Poets – Maithili Sharan Gupta , Prasas, Nirala ,Mahadevi, Dinkar, Agyeya, Muktibodh , Nagarjun.
(iii)Katha Sahitya- (A) Upanyas & Realism, (B) The origin and development of Hindi Novels. (C) Prominent Novelists – Premchand, Jainendra, Yashpal , Renu and Bhism Sahani . (D) The origin and development of Hindi short story. (E) Prominent short story writers- Premchand, Prasad, Agyeya, Mohan Rakesh & Krishna Shobti.
(iv) Drama & Theatre- (A) The origin & Development of Hindi Drama.
(B) Prominent Dramatists – Bharatendu, Prasad, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Ram Kumar Verma , Mohan Rakesh.
(C) The development of Hindi Theature.
(v) Criticism- (A) The origin and development of Hindi criticism- Saiddhantik , Vyavharik , Pragativadi, Manovishleshanvadi & Nai Alochana.
(B) Prominent critics- Ramchandra Shukla. Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma & Nagendra.
(vi)The other forms of Hindi prose- Lalit Nibandh, Rekhachitra, Sansmaran, Yatra-vrittant.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Hindi
This paper will require first hand reading of prescribed texts and will test the critical ability of the candidates.
Part-I
1.Kabir- kabir Granthawali, Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (First hundred Sakhis).
2.Surdas- Bhramar Gitsar, Ed. Ramchandra Shukla (First hundred Padas)
3.Tulsidas- Ramcharit Manas (Sundar Kand) Kavitawali (Uttar Kand).
4.Jayasi- Padmawat, Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (Sinhal Dwip Khand & Nagmativiyog Khand).
5.Bihari- Bihari Ratnakar, Ed, Jagnnath Prasad Ratnakar (First 100 Dohas)
6.Maithili Sharan Gupta- Bharat Bharati.
7.Prasad- Kamayani (Chinta and Shraddha Sarg)
8.Nirala- Rag- Vir`g. Dd R`m Vhlas Sharma (Ram Ki Rhakti Ptja & Kukurmutta).
9.Dinkar- Kurushetra.
10.Agyeya- Angan Ke Per Dwar (Asadhya Vina)
11.Muktibodh – Brahma Rakshas
12.Nagarjun- Badal Ko Ghirte Dekha Hai, Akal Ke Bad, Harijan Gatha.
Part-II
1.Bharatendu- Bharat Durdasha
2.Mohan Rakesh – Ashad Ka Ek Din.
3.Ramchandra Shukla- Chintamani
(Part I)
(Kavita Kya Hai) Shraddha Aur Bhakti.
4.Dr. Satyendra- Nibandh Nilaya- Bal Krishna Bhatt, Premchand , Gulab Rai, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma , Agyeya, Kuber Nath Rai.
5.Premchand- Godan – Premchand Ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan Ed. Amrit Rai.
Manjusha – Premchand Ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan Ed. Amrit Rai.
6.Prasad – Skandgupta
7.Yashpal – Divya.
8.Phaniswar Nath Renu- Maila Anchal.
9.Mannu Bhandari- Mahabhoj.
10.Rajendra Yadav- Ek Dunia Samanantar. (All Stories)
On Way To A Global MBA
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QualificationsA preliminary degree is an undetachable requirement to pursue an MBA programme, it being a postgraduate degree. A fairly universal requirement, exceptions to this may occasionally be made for applicants to Executive MBA programmes, where the emphasis is more on work experience.
The MBA is a degree aimed at a move into management. It is a conversion degree. It intends to equip students with the tools and knowledge for a leap in the corporate sector. For an entry into the MBA programme, a good degree in any subject is acceptable A previous study of a business subject is not a prerequisite for such an entry but many schools now offer an accelerated track for students with a business degree.
An important point to bear in mind, however, is the numerical nature of the degree. As such MBA programmes are usually heavy on mathematics statistics and accounting . Students with limited mathematical skills may struggle . Leading global B-School require students to have previously studied quantitative disciplines , notably calculus. Most of these schools conduct pre-programme refresher courses in the quantitative domain . Those students who are below average in these areas should attend such courses prior to their enrolment for an MBA programme.
Work Experience
In all probabilities, the MBA is a post-experience qualification . In other words , business schools require applicants to have had some experience of work life before joining a programme. Similar to the first degree, this does not necessarily have to be business- related. Students having some experiences of life and inter-relationships can enliven and illuminate classroom discussions. This is especially true with the growing emphasis on “soft skills” Some of the schools even ask for two or more years of previous work experience . The issue of work experience is still subjected to debate and discussion The general feeling among MBA students around the world , however , seems to be that they and their fellow students do benefit from at least some experience of the workplace being brought into the classroom.
The GMAT and other admission tests
The GMAT
Some schools do not require it. These schools generally substitute their own test. They emphasize on GMAT only for foreign students . Most prospective MBA students globally will have to take the Graduate Management Aptitude Test.
The GMAT is now used by nearly 2,000 schools and 1,800 programmes around the world .It is funded and conducted by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) , a US-based international organization of graduate schools of Management.
The GMAT measures verbal ,mathematical and analysis writing skills but not specific areas such as knowledge of business and job skills ,or subjective areas such as motivation creativity and interpersonal skills. It is designed and development to assess a student’s potential academic performance. Most school find that it is a good indicator of likely success on an MBA programme, particularly the quantitative aspects. The GMAT is fully computerized and is know as a computer-adaptive test (CAT). The GMAC says the test requires minimal computer skills and each test is preceded by a computer- based tutorial.
Test Scores
Most schools do not stipulate GMAT scores but have a cut-off point in mind . At leading school with high average GMAT scores this could be around 600- 650; at other schools , or those with less commitment to GMAT scores, it could be as low as 500.
The maximum achievable GMAT score is 800 , but in any given year few students score maximum points. Utmost practice can only lead to such a score.
The GMAT is extremely important but then too, it is not the be-all and end-all. The GMAC also opines that the GMAT is only one indicator and is not the only one and the best one. Academic records, references, interviews and all the other paraphernalia of the business school admission process are of equal importance.
Cultural bias
The US tradition entails GMAT as a part of standardised testing for entry to academic institutions. Similar standardized tests are required by all US undergraduate courses and postgraduate degrees, such as law, etc. The test is delivered only in American English . Its approach is that of multiple- choice which is foreign to some educational milieus. As a result, there are concerns about bias; experts vouch that this test works particularly to the disadvantage of Japanese and other applicants from East Asia.
The GMAC is trying to get rid of all cultural disparities and make GMAT student friendly .Considerable changes have been incorporated and special allowances made.
How The GMAT Works
The GMAT includes verbal, quantitative and writing questions dealing with data analysis . Candidates have 75 minutes to complete 37 quantitative questions, 75 minutes for 41 verbal question and 30 minutes for each of the two analytical writing topics, which begin the test . There are two optional ten- minute breaks. The verbal and quantitative sections are computer adaptive , but the two analytical writing questions are not , although they are keyed into the computer.
The GMAT is offered throughout the year all over the world. The minimum identification requirements are a passport or a driving licence. Finger printing, photographing , videotaping or other forms of electronic identity confirmation may also be used.
Registration is via the GMAC website (http://www.mba.com/) .This informative site gives details of the test, sample qtesthons, tert ahds `nd nther usdful infnrmation. Candid`tes can also take a mock test.
Most countries and dotted with independent MBA and GMAT training and preparation centers. The training is useful and essential considering the peculiarity and uniqueness of the test . If mathematics is an area of concern , this test is specially of utility . A number of questions based on comprehension are based on American business and economic journals and it is worth becoming familiar with these.
Unofficial verbal and quantitative (not essay) scores can be obtained at testing centers as soon as the test is completed. Official score reports ,including scores on the essay questions, usually arrive at your chosen school(s) in about two weeks. The basic test registration fee covers sending a score report to up to five schools (selected on the day of the test). Additional score reports can be sent for US$28 per school.
Registering for the test costs US $250 anywhere in the world , payable when an appointment for the test is made . Rescheduling costs US$50.
Constitution of India
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The Machinery of Government In The StatesThe machinery of Government in the States is organized on the same pattern as that of the Union Government. As in the Union , the Government in the States is based on the parliamentary model. The Head of a State is called the Government who is the constitutional head as the President is for the Union The Chief of State Government is called the Chief Minister who is thd cotnterpart in the State of thd Prhme Linirter of Hndi` . There is a Council of Minister for each of the State as in the Union .Government activities are divided mainly on a functional basis and grouped together as distinct departments each of which is placed under a Minister just as the various ministries at the Centre. The organization of the State legislature is also more or less on the model of India Parliament. In the judicial field, the High Court occupies the same position within the State as the Supreme Court does for the whole of India , Thus, the State Government is almost a true copy of the Union Government within the jurisdiction of each State. This helps the State to draw the example and inspiration from the working of the Union government in almost every field of activity.
The Governor
The executive power of the State is vested in the Governor who is appointed by the President and who holds office during the pleasure of the President (Articles 154, 155 and 156). The vesting of the entire execttivd pover nf the State in the Fovernor shovs that he obcuphes the same constitutional position within the State as the President does with respect to the Government of India . Normally, the Governor hold office for a period of five years from the date on which he assumes office.
The qualifications for appointment as a Governor (Article 157 ) are simple and few. He should be a citizen of India and must have completed the age of thirty-five years. The Governor cannot be a member of either House of Parliament or of a State legislature , nor can he hold any other office of profit. He is entitled to a free official residence, a regular monthly salary and other allowances. At present , his salary is fixed at Rs. 1,10,000per month . His salary and allowances cannot be reduced during his term of office . These are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State and , as such , are non-votable . Before assuming his office , the Governor has to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High court of the State , an oath of affirmation to preserve. Protect and defend the Constitution.
Powers and Functions of the Governor
The executive power of the State is vested in the Governor who is empowered to exercise it either directly or through officers subordinate to him. And the executive power of the State extends to all matters on which the State legislature has the power to make laws. In the discharge of his responsibilities as the Head of the State , the Governor exercises functions similar to those of the President as the head of the Union . He appoints the Chief Minister and other members of the Council of Ministers who hold office during his pleasure. He allocates the business of the Government among the Ministers and makes rules for the more convenient actions of the State Government are taken in his name. In the States of Bihar/ Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh / Chhattisgarh and Orissa, it is the special responsibility of the Governor to see that a Minister is placed in charge of tribal welfare (Article 064). In Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, the Governor is given certain special , power with respect to the administration of the tribal areas as provided in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
Like the President, who has the power of pardon, the Governor , too is empowered to grant pardons (Article 161). This applies to all persons convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
In the legislative field , the Governor has considerable powers. He is an integral part of the State legislature. He convenes the State legislature , addresses it in person or sends messages to it, and can prorogue or dissolve it (Article 174) . During every financial year, he causes the budget to be laid before the House. Demands for grants in the legislature can be made only on his recommendation. Every Bill that is passed by the State legislature has to be presented to the Governor for his assent. The Governor has three alternatives before him with respect to such a Bill. He may give his assent to it, in which case it becomes a law. Or, he may return it to the legislature with a message suggesting alterations or modifications. The Governor has, however no power to return a Money Bill (defined in Article 199). Or again, he may preserve the Bill for the assent of the President if, in his opinion, it contains provision which might endanger the position envisaged for the High Court under the Constitution (Article 200).
The Governor has also the special legislative power of promulgating ordinances during the recess of the State legislature , if he is satisfied that there exist circumstances which make it necessary for him to take immediate the Governor is prohibited from promulgating ordinances without prior instructions from the President. These are :
(1). If the ordinance contains provisions which ,if embodies in a Bill, would require the previous sanction of the President for introduction in the State legislature; or
(2). If the Governor would have deemed it necdssary tn rerervd a Bill containhng the rame provisinns for the consideration of the President; or
(3). If an Act of the State legislature containing the same provisions would be invalid without the assent of the president.
Every ordinance promulgated by the Governor has the same force and effect as an Act of the state legislature but if the ordinance is not upheld by the legislature when it reassembles, then the ordinance becomes invalid. The Governor is empowered to withdraw the ordinance any time he likes. The ordinance will be invalid if it has provisions which would not be valid if enacted in an Act of the State legislature to which the Governor gives his assent .
During the period of emergency the Governor comes into his own as the real head of the executive in the State . With the proclamation of an emergency by the President the entire State administration comes directly under the control of the Union Being the “man on the spot” and “agent” of the Union Government in the State, the Governor, during the period of emergency, takes over the reins of administration directly into his own hands and runs the State with the administrative aid of bureaucrats.
The Governor and the Council of Ministers
In the exercise of all his functions, except when he is expressly required to act in his discretion, the Governor is aided and assisted by a Council of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister (Article 163) But if there is a conflict of opinion between the Governor and the ministry as to whether or not a particular matter falls within the scope of the Governor’s discretionary power, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final . Further , the validity of anything done by the Governor cannot be called in question on the grounds that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion. Although the Governor has to act on the advice of the Ministers, the question whether any, and if so what , advice was tendered by the Ministers to the Governor cannot be enquired into by any court.
The Governor appoints the Chief minister and on the advise of the Chief minister he appoints other Ministers. The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. The Ministers are collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State just as the Union Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Governor administers the oath of office to each Minister before he assumes his office . The Governor can appoint as Minister a person who is not a member of the State legislature at the time of appointment . But such a Minister should become a member of the legislature within six months after entering upon his office.
We have already noticed that all executive actions of the State Government are taken in the name of the Governor. In this connection , the Governor is authorized to make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the State Government. He is also empowered to allocate among Ministers the business of the Government except where he is expected to act in his discretion. It is the duty of the Chief Minister as the head of the Council of Minister to communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Council relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and Proposals for legislation. He has also to furnish any information which the Governor calls for and which is connected with any administrative or legislative matter of the State. Again , it is the duty of the Chief Minister to place before the Council, if the Governor so requires, any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council.
These provisions of the Constitution vest in the Governor a fairly long list of powers which if taken on their face value , will add up to formidable proportions , Yet by the very nature of his office , the Governor is only a constitutional Head of the State. This means that although he is the “Chief executive”, in the exercise of his functions, the real power lies in the hands of the Council of Ministers. This was pointed out again and agahn bx thd authorhzed spojesmdn in thd Constituent Asrembly.
Interpreting the scope of the provision that “the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor”, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said that : “I have no doubt that it is the intention of this Constitutions that the Ministry shall hold office during such time as it holds the confidence of the majority. It is on this principle that the Constitution will work. The reason why we have not so expressly stated it is because it has not been stated it is because it has not been stated in that fashion or in those terms in any of the constitutions which lay down a parliamentary system of Government . ‘During pleasure’ is always understood to mean that the ‘pleasure’ shall not continue notwithstanding the fact the Ministry has lost the confidence of the majority; it is presumed that the Governor will exercise his ‘pleasure’ in dismissing the Ministry and , therefore , it is unnecessary to differ from what I may say the stereotyped phraseology which is used in all responsible Governments”.
It is difficult to think of a Governor under a fully responsible system of Government established on the broadest possible popular basis, to behave in an authoritarian manner, when a Cabinet composed of popular Ministers, collectively responsible to the legislature , is to aid and advise the Governor in the discharge of his functions. Occasions are almost non-existent for him to overrule them or act in a manner contrary to their advise. Nevertheless, a careful reading of the constitutional provisions and an appreciation of them in the perspective of the totality of constitutional scheme, will show that the Governor is not a mere figurehead but a functionary designed to play a vital role in the administration of the affairs of the State.
The occasions which will give such an opportunity to the governor to act in his discretion appear to be the following :
(1) the selection of a Chief Minister prior to the formation of a Council of Ministers;
(2) dismissal of a Ministry;
(3) dissolution of the Legislative Assembly;
(4) asking information from the Chief Minister relating to legislative and administrative matters;
(5)asking the Chief Minister to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council;
(6)refusing to give assent to a Bill passed by the legislature and sending it back for reconsideration;
(7)reserving a Bill passed by the State legislature for the assent of the President;
(8) seeking instructions from the President before promulgating any ordinance dealing with certain matters;
(9) advising the President for the proclamation of emergency; and
(10) in the case of Governor of Assam, certain administrative matters connected with
the tribal areas and settling disputes between the Governor of Assam and the district council (of an autonomous district) with respect to mining royalties.
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
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Knowledge is power and books are one of the main sources of knowledge . Libraries are where books are kept , looked after and maintained in a systematic way so that they can be used by different groups of readers. In other words, libraries serve as storehouses or home of books . There are a large number of libraries- both private as well as public- that provide access to lakhs and lakhs of books . The field in recent years has expanded to include online network resources, libraries and information hubs. The Internet has professionals always have an advantage over others in the field.It is not required that one should be a bookworm, but one should be a book lover. One should love to be surrounded by books and have an analytical bend of mind to arrange and look after different types of books.
Book are catalysts to ignite minds , helping us to know about so many different things. They are the only long lasting companions of humans. But there are so many diverse fields of books that it becomes very difficult for individuals to keep and manage books by themselves. For this purpose a large number of libraries – both private as well as public – have been set up in diffdrent parts nf the natinn and abrosr the globe. Each and every school, college institution and university has also its own library. With the rise in number of institution and college , more libraries are being set up . Consequently , the need for trained professionals to man them is also on the rise.
Information Technology and the Internet have revolutionised the whole domain of Library and Information Science . Now the job of librarian is not just manage books but also to ensure availability of information resources, make them readily available to potential users, know different sources of information be abreast of latest information system , maintain close links with publishing houses and other resource centres from where books and information can be gathered. In all , the person should be energetic and should have the will and eagerness to go out of the way and function exceptionally well for his/ her library or resource centre. The earlier perceived role of the librarian from ` mere ctstodian of the boojs tn nov manager of the boojs h`s led to dynamic changes.
Eligibility
Certificate , diploma , degree, postdegree courses are available in Library and Information Science . For certificate of diploma courses one needs to be 10+2 qualified . For degree courses (B.Lib) offered by most of the universities , one should be graduate with 50 percent marks in any discipline from any recognised Indian university. Some universities also require some previous experience in any recognised library.
For post –degree (M.Lib) courses one requires any recognised university or institution .
Courses
The duration of Certificate and Diploma courses varies from six months to one year. The degree and post – degree courses are of one-year duration . The degree course in Library and Information Science comprises 14 topics like management of library and information centres a basic knowledge of computer applications and other related topics. The degree course is available in 150 of the 299 universities dithdr ar a full, tile cnursd or in ` dirtanbe- lode proframle.
Prospects
Thought Library Science has long been viewed by many as a prospective career option, it is only recently that the field has witnessed an increased interest level among career- oriented people . The requirements to excel in the field have vastly changed over time; a librarian is no longer a bespectacled old man flipping through dog-eared pages of the register. Keeping pace with changing times , the job profile of librarians has undergone a sea change .For deserving candidates the prospects are very bright . There are a large number of posts that are lying vacant in many institutes across the country. The reason for these posts remaining unfilled is non- availability of deserving and right candidates. Young professionals who are well versed in IT skills as well as in library management and science have better prospects. The remuneration is very good both in private libraries as well as in the public or university libraries . However to join a college or university as a librarian a fresher has to pass the UGC-NET examination conducted by New Delhi based University Grants Commission twice every year. The librarian joins a university or college in a pay scale that is at par with that of lecturer.
Professionals with higher qualification like post graduate degree have still better changes to be absorbed by world – renowned organizations like the Council for scientific and Industrial Research , the National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC) the Indian Council of Medical Research. (ICMR) or the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
WHERE TO STUDY
Indira Gandhi National Open University
Maidan Garhi , New Delhi
Website : http://www.ignou.ac.in/
University of Pune
Pune , Maharashtra
Tel : 020-25699549
E-mail : Suresh@lib.unipune.ernet.in
Website : http://www.unipune.ernet.in/
National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management Rajendranagar , Hyderabad- 500 030 (AP)
E-mail : helpine@manage.gov.in
Website : http://www.manager.gov.in/
University of Mumbai
Vidyanagari. Santa Cruz (East)
Mumbai – 400098
Tel : 022-6526679/6528201
Mohanlal Sukhadia University
Udaipur – 313001, Rajasthan
Tel : 0294-2413035
Fax : 0294-2413150
E-mail : registrar@mlus.org
Website : http://www.mlsu.org/
Mangalore University
Mangalagangotri- 574199
Karnataka
Tel : 0824-2287316
Website : http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/
Calcutta University
Third Floor ,Asutosh Building
87/1, College Street,
Kolkata – 700073, West Bengal
Tel : 033-22410071
E- mail : bchakra2003@yahoo.co.in
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Website : http://www.amu.ac.in/
Panjab Universitx
Chandifarh
Wedbsite : http://mail.google.com/.www.puchd.ac.in
Tips for General Studies For Civil Services Main Exam
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The first papers will be that of General Studies which is a compulsory subject for all candidates.General Studies in Main Examination comprises two papers of three hundred marls each. The duration of each paper is three hourse.
Paper-I has four segments, namely :
1.History of Modern India and Indian Culture
2.Geography of India
3.Constitution of India and Indian Polity
4.Current National Issues and Topics of Social Relevance
Paper-II has five segments , which are as follows :
1.India and the World
2.India’s Economic Interaction with the World
3.Development in the field of Science and Technology, IT and Space
4.International Affairs and Institutions
5.Statistical Analysis , Graphs and Diagrams
The syllabus as provided by UPSC, does not have much explanation regarding the details for the segments . It is therefore, advised to refer to previous years’ questions to get an idea about the explanation . The following observations have been made on the bases of analysis of previous years’ question papers:
The temporal reference to the History of Modern India and Indian Culture is up to the middle of 19th century. Thematic reference includes major events of the time, personalities,Facts and events associated with it. A majority of question pertain to the issues associated with the freedom struggle. Along with this there are question which deal with the cultural diversity of the country. However , the marks contained in culture segment are relatively less. This segment of History of Modern India and Indian Culture accounts for almost 30% of the total score of 300 marks.
Geography of India (physical , economic and social ) is a wide ranging segment of the syllabus. However , in terms of marks the total share is not so impressive . This segment accounts for approximately 10% of the total marks of Paper- I To prepare for this segment the candidates are advised to collect information about latest geographical events concerning India.
Constitution of India and Indian Policy is the most vital segment of Paper-I since its share of marks is almost one third. Students are advised to take note of it and accordingly give more time for its preparation . Here mainly the question are asked from the Indian political system and the Constitution of India. Students are required to collect information about various Government institutions and their functions, and also the relationship between them.
Current National Issues and Topics of Social Relevance include such events that are expected of an educated person to be aware about . They primarily include contemporary social problems that the Indian society is facing Some of the major issues include Human Rights, Human Resources, Corruption, Health, Environment and Preservation of Ecology, Pollution etc. The weightage of this segment in terms of marks is approximately one fourth.
The first segment of Paper-II is ‘India and the World’. In this segment candidate’s awareness is tested with regard to the country and the rest of the world. Here questions on issues such as foreign affairs, external security , nuclear debate, etc. are asked Further, another import area is with regard to Non- Resident Indians and the issues related to them . International position of India vis –a-vis various issues should also be kept in orientation while preparing for this segment . The share of this segment in Paper- II is about 15%.
Economic consciousness is on the rise. There have been more changes in the Indian Economy in last ten years than the change that occtrred in the firrt fnur decades `fter independenbe . Questions on Indian Economy (about 30% of Paper II, as regards marks) have reference not only to the Indian planning commitment and issues , programmes and priorities of economic development, but also about the international economic and financial institutions . Students should gather information on WTO, IMF and other international institutions , particularly with regard to their relationship with India, Here, keeping abreast of the changing economic scenario is also very helpful.
Development in the field of Science and Technology, IT and Space is also a major component of Paper-II . In terms of participation of marks , about 25% of question are asked from this segment. While preparing the same those issues that have a bearing on the socio-economic development of the country , must be given more importance.
International Affairs and Institutions accounts for about 15% of the marks in Paper-II . It contains questions on major global changes that are taking place . It also includes questions on such relationship that develop between different countries which have their impact not only on India but on the world as a whole.
The last segment of Statistical Analysis, Graph and Diagrams’ with the participations of about 15% marks. Is significant . It is the only part of General Studies where students have a chance to score close to hundred percent . Here speed is vital, which can be achieved by practicing previous years’ questions.
The approach to the above mentioned segments of General Studies may very from student to student, depending upon his/ her comfort level in each area. Since General Studies can be more scoring than your optional subjects you cannot afford to ignore any of these.
In the examination hall read all the questions quickly in the first go and select those where you feel more confident and comfortable . Start with those questions where you can give your best. Apart from making a good impression on the examiner , this will give you an extra bnost of bonfhdenbe.
Read each and evdry puestion verx carefully before attempting it. See what the examiner wants in your answer. He will be more interested in your approach to a given problem than your knowledge as such . Hit the question directly and stick to the basics. Try to present your answer in a simple and lucid manner. You may use pointers, diagrams, and illustrations to make your answer ‘examiner-friendly’ Your paper must stand out from those of the others in order to get good marks . Believe it or not, many have done this in the past . Maintain a reasonable speed without making avoidable errors.
Do not cross the word limit prescribed for each question. You may be penalized for writing more than what has been asked for. Economical use of words comes with a lot of writing practice before the examination. Also, avoid common mistakes, like giving incorrect facts, wrong spellings and careless presentation of answer. Unless you take care of each one of these common mistakes as well as the pitfalls mentioned above, you cannot expect of get the marks that you may otherwise deserve. Therefore, take up the task of preparation in an organized and intensive manner. Do spend some time to think over how to handle questions by taking examples from the previous years’ question papers. However it is important to enjoy the journey.
Large Hadron Collider
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European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) has made a historical step forward in its quest to know how the universe was created. The world’s largest particle collider successfully passed its first major test on September 10, 2008. It fired a beam of protons all the way around a 07-mile tunnel. The deep tunnel is under the surface of the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. It is supposed to be the next great step to understand the make-up of the universe.Over 8,000 scientists from 85 countries, including 30 from India and hundreds of universities participated in the experiment.
After a series of trial runs, two white dots flashed on a computer screen at 10.26 a.m. (1356 IST) . They indicated that the protons had travelled clockwise along the full length of four – billion Swiss franc (Rs. 16,340 crore; US $ 3.8 billion) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) . It is described as the biggest physics experiment in history. It took 14 year of work and $ 10 billion in funds to conceive the massive project . The LHC is designed to study the effects of collisions between very small particles – smaller than atoms. They should travel at nearly the speed of light . This is why it is called LHC. ‘Hadron’ because the particles it used (protons) belong to a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons and ‘Collider’ because it will smash these particles together.
However , the world’s newest and largest particle accelerator, LHC will not begin operations again until April 2009. Scientists said a faulty electrical connection between magnets was to blame for a large helium leak which caused the LHC to be shut down on September 18, 2008. owing to a fault with its cooling system.
New Dwarf Planet Approved
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The International Astronomical Union (IAU) on September 17, 2008, approved a newly discovered dwarf planet in the solar system. It was given a Hawaiian name : Haumea, after the Hawaiian goddess of earth and fertility.
Haumea is the solar system’s fifth dwarf planet , in the same category and region as Pluto. Haumea is shaped like an elongated egg. It was discovered in 2005. The other dwarf planets Include Ceres, Pluto, Eris and Makemake.
Massive Deposits Of Subsea Methane
0 commentsA team of British scientists on September 23, 2008 , discovered that massive deposits of subsea methane are bubbling to the surface as the Arctic region becomes warmer and its ice retreats . This is the first evidence that millions of tonnes of a greenhouse 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide is being released into the atmosphere from beneath the Arctic seabed.
Key To Evolution Of Universe Found
0 commentsScientists at the Durham University have detected dark matter- the mysterious substance thought to make up 85 percent of the universe- for the first time. They have discovered a surge of high- energy particles from the heart of the Milky Way, the Earth’s home galaxy. It closely matches the radiation signature predicted for dark matter. Dark matter holds the key to the evolution of the universe but it has never been detected before.
The idea that visible matter, such as galaxies , stars and planets , is just a fraction of the universe’s mass , was first put forward in 1933.
The idea that visible matter, such as galaxies , stars and planets , is just a fraction of the universe’s mass , was first put forward in 1933.
Largest Know Prime Found
0 commentsPrime numbers, which can only be divided by one and themselves, have long fascinated mathematicians as the building blocks of other numbers. They are now central to techniques used to encrypt data such as credit card details as they are sent around the Internet.
The new prime number was discovered by Edson Smith of the University of California, Los Angeles’ mathematics department. He installed software on to the department’s computers from the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Rearbh (Fimpr) , whibh ures downtime on volunteers’ PCs to htnt for ever large prime numbers. Around 1,00, 000 computers add up to what has been called a “grassroots supercomputer” that performs 29 trillion calculations a second.
The newly discovered number is an example of a specific type of prime number called a Mersenne prime ,named after 17th century French scholar Marin Mersenne. Gimps discovered the new prime on August 23, 2008, while a second, smaller Mersenne prime with more than 11m digits was discovered by the project on September 6, 2008, by Hans- Michael Elvenich in Langenfeld near Cologne.
The new prime number was discovered by Edson Smith of the University of California, Los Angeles’ mathematics department. He installed software on to the department’s computers from the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Rearbh (Fimpr) , whibh ures downtime on volunteers’ PCs to htnt for ever large prime numbers. Around 1,00, 000 computers add up to what has been called a “grassroots supercomputer” that performs 29 trillion calculations a second.
The newly discovered number is an example of a specific type of prime number called a Mersenne prime ,named after 17th century French scholar Marin Mersenne. Gimps discovered the new prime on August 23, 2008, while a second, smaller Mersenne prime with more than 11m digits was discovered by the project on September 6, 2008, by Hans- Michael Elvenich in Langenfeld near Cologne.
World’s Thinnest Balloon Created
0 commentsScientists at Cornell University in the Us, created a balloon- like membrane, world’s thinnest till date, on September 23, 2008. It is one atom thick but strong enough to contain gases under several atmophere of pressure.
The scientists used a lump of graphite , a piece of Scotch tape and a silicon wafer. Unlike normal balloons, the membrane is , in fact ultra-strong leak proof as well as impermeable to even nimble helium atoms.
The scientists used a lump of graphite , a piece of Scotch tape and a silicon wafer. Unlike normal balloons, the membrane is , in fact ultra-strong leak proof as well as impermeable to even nimble helium atoms.
Falcon 1 Flight 4 Rocket Launched
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Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (Space X) a private funded company, founded by Mr. Elon musk in South Africa, launched successfully a rocket – Falcon 1 Flight 4- into orbit on September 28, 2008 . The launch ushered in what the company’s founders hope will be a new era of spaceflight . The rocket was launched from Omelek Island in the Kwajalein Atoll , southwest of Hawaii. It was the fourth launching attempt by Space X.
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