Indian Employment report

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A person, working 8 hours a day for 273 days of the year is regarded as employed as the main worker.

Programme/Measure                                                               Year of Launch
Employment Guarantee Scheme                                                1972-73
Drought Prone Area Programme                                               1973-74
Twenty point Programme                                                           1975
Desert Development Programme                                              1977-78
Integrated Rural Development Programme                              1980
National Rural Employment Programme                                  1980
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana                                                               1989
Nehru Rozgar Yojana                                                                  1989
MPLAD Programme                                                                   1993
Rural Landliess Employment Guarantee Programme  1993
Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana                                        1997
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana                                    1999
Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yojana                                             2000
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana                                          2000
Sampoorna Grameen  Rozgar Yojana                                        2001
Bharat Nirman                                                                             2005
Jawaaharlala Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission            2005
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Programme    2009
Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme            2008
Affordable Housing in Partnership                                            2009
Rajeev Awass Yojana                                                                  2010

Estimates/ Causes
Since 1973 on the recommendation of  B Bhagwati Committee, three estimates of unemployment have been brought about by Planning Commission.
(1)      Usual Principal Status (Also called Open Unemployment) According to the NSSO, 66th Round (2009-10) rural and urban unemployment were 2% and 4% respectively.
(2)      Current Weekly Status  On this basis the unemployment in 2009-10 in rural and urban areas were 3 % and 4% respectively.
(3)      Current Daily Status The most Comprehensve measure on this basis the unemployment for rural and urban areas were 7% and 6% respectively (2009-10).
Women Empowerment and Child Development
Programme/Measure                                                                           Year
ICDS                                                                                                         1975
Mid-Day meal Scheme                                                                           1995
Swadhar                                                                                                    1995
Swayam Sidha                                                                                          2001
SSA                                                                                                           2001
Support ot Training and Employment
Programme for Women (STEP)                                                            2003-04
Ujjwala                                                                                                     2007
Dhanlaxmi                                                                                                2008
Gender Budgeting                                                                                   2009
Integrated Child Protection Scheme                                                     2009-10
Sabla Scheme                                                                                           2010
National Mission for Empowerment of Women                                 2010
Bal Bandu Scheme                                                                                  2011

Environment
Estimates/Causes
·        India with an EPI of 48.3% is ranked 125th in terms of tackling pollution and natural resources management (Environmental Performance Index 2012 prepared by Yale and Columbia University).
·        Per capital emission of CO is 1.2 tonnes and is the lowest in the world.
·        Per Capital water availability in India to decline from 1730 to 1240 by the year 2030 – ‘A Situation of water stress’.
·        India’s forest covers in 2009 was 23.81% of the total geographical area.
·        India contributes 4% to the total global emission of co (2005) though in absolute terms, it is one of the top five global CO emitters.
Programme/Measures
·        Notification of the wetlands (Conservation and management) rules 2010 to ensure no further degradation takes place.
·        National Green Tribunal Act mandates setting up the National Environment Appellatge Authority.
·        Increasing energy efficiency by 20% by 2016-17 (11th Plan).
·        Reducing emission intensity of the GDP by 20-25% of the 2005 livel by 2020.
·        National Solar Mission to set up 20000 MW Solar power generation capacity by 2022.

·        National Action Policy on Climate Change (NAPCC) 2008 includes missions related to solar energy, enhanced energy efficieny, sustainable agriculture, sustainable habitat, water, Himalayan eco-system, increasing the forest cover and strategic knowledge for climatic change.

Human Development Index (HDI)

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 HDI measure was given by Pakistani Nobel prize Winner Economist, Mehbub-ul-Haq.

Estimates/Causes
·        Measured by Human Development Index (HDI), published by UNDP since 1990.
·        Three dimensions
(1)   1 Life expectancy at birth rate;
(2)   2 Education index comprising means year of schooling and expected year of schooling;
(3)   3 GNI per capita (PPPUS $) Index.
Programmes/Measures
·  NRHM (National Rural health Mission) was Launched on 2nd April, 2005 to reduce IMR and MMR.
·  Education programmes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Etc.
·  Rural development programmes like MGNREGA AND BHARAT NIRMAN.
Inequality
Programmes/Measures
·        Adoption of progressive taxation in India.
·        Anti-Poverty and employment generation programmes.
·        Land reforms like abolition of intermediation, land ceiling acts, tenancy reforms and co-operative movement were launched.
·        Rural development programmes.
·        Backward region grant fund.
Poverty
Estimates/Causes
·        Main Reasons for Rural Poverty Rapid population growth, lack of capital, lack of alternate employment other than agriculture, illiteracy and lack of proper implementation of PDS.
·        Main Reasons for Urban poverty  Migration from rural areas, lack of skilled labour, lack of housing facilities, limited job opportunities in cities.
·        Based on 2400 calories (rural) and 2100 calories (urban) and monthly per capita consumption expenditure of Rs 356 (rural) and 538 (urban), Planning Commission estimated poverty ratio in India in 2004-05 was 27.5%.

·        The Poverty ration or the number of poor as a percentage of total population in India for 2004-05 estimated at 37.2% according to the Suresh Tendulkar Committee.

Indian Tax Structure

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Direct Tax The term direct tax generally means a tax paid directly to the government by the persons on whom it is imposed.
Indirect Tax  An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax.
The Government of India earns maximum form Corporate Income Tax.

Direct Tax                                                                 Indirect Tax
Income Tax                                                                Sales Tax or VAT
Corporation Tax                                                        Customer Duty
Capital Gain Tax                                                        Insurance Premium Tax
Stamp Duty                                                                Excise Duties
Land Tax
Estate Duty                                                                Landfill Tax
Wealth Tax                                                                 Aggregates Levy
Petroleum                                                                  Climate Change Levy
Revenue Tax

Inheritance Tax                                                          Goods and Services Tax

National Income of India

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Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product at Market Price =  Market value of final output of goods and services produced within the country’s domestic economy in a period of one year.
Net Domestic Product at market Price = GDP – Depreciation.
Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost = NDP – Indirect taxes + Subsidies.
National product
Gross National product at Market price = GDP+Net Factor Income from abroad.
Net national product at Market Price =  GNP – Depreciation.
Net National Product at Factor Cost or National Income = national product – Indirect Taxes + Subsidies.
Per Capital product/Income =  National income/Population or Net national Product at Factor Cost/population.
·        The first estimate of National Income was prepared by Dadabhai Naoroji and per capita income was calculated Rs 20 in 1870.
·        The First scientific estimate was made by Prof VKRV Rao using output and income methods for the year 1931-32.
·        National Income Committee was headed by Prof PC Mahalanobis, set up in 1949+ and provided for the first time comprehensive data of national income in 1954.

·        Conventional series with basic year of 1948-49 were divided the economy into 13 sectors. At present, the economy is divided into 9 sectors.

Indian Economy

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Outline of Indian Economy Nature
Mixed Economy Existence of both public and private sectors. This term was coined by JM Keynes.
Agrarain Economy  Even after six-decades of independence 58% of the work force of India is stell agriculturist and its contribution to GDP is 14.5% in 2010-11.
Features
(1)   Slow growth of national and per capital income.
(2)   Capital deficiency and low rate of capital formation, hence low rate of investment, low production, etc; poor quality of human capital.
(3)   Over dependence on agriculture along with low productivity in agriculture; heavy population pressure.
(4)    Unequal distribution of income and wealth.
(5)   Mass poverty, chronic inflation and chronic unemployment.
Classification
·        According to the World Development Report (2012),  sub-titled Gender Equlty and Development, India with its per capital income of US $ 1340 is placed in lower middle income countries in 2010.
·        Even on PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) basis India with US $ 3560  is placed in middle income countries in 2010.
·        India has a share of 17.4% in world population but accounts for only 2.3% of world GNI on exchange rate basis.
Socio-Economic Indicators
·        Per capital daily intake calorie is 2496 (in 1999).
·        Poverty Level more than 37% (Tendulkar Committee).
·        With HDI  value of 0.547, India ranked 134/187, and hence has a medium human development (HDR 2011).
·        Inequality in India, in terms of Gini co-efficient of 0.36 is huge.
·        Illiteracy more than one-fourth of population.
Issues in Development
(1)   Low per capital income and low rate of economic growth.
(2)   High proportion of people below the poverty line.
(3)   Low level of productive efficiency due to inadequate nutrition and malnutrition.
(4)   Imbalance between population size, resources and capital.
(5)   Problem of unemployment.
(6)   Instability of output of agriculture and related sectors.
(7)   Imbalance between heavy industry and wage goods.
(8)   Imbalance in distribution and growing  inequalities.